Wikipedia

Li Miao (Three Kingdoms)

Li Miao (died 234), courtesy name Hannan, was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Liu Zhang and later Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty.[1]

Li Miao
李邈
General Who Pacifies Han (安漢將軍)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
ChancellorZhuge Liang
Army Adviser under the Imperial Chancellor (丞相參軍)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
ChancellorZhuge Liang
Administrator of Qianwei (犍為太守)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Bei / Liu Shan
ChancellorZhuge Liang
Personal details
BornUnknown
Santai County, Sichuan
Died234
Chengdu, Sichuan
Relations
  • Li Chao (brother)
  • Li Shao (brother)
  • unnamed younger brother
OccupationOfficial
Courtesy nameHannan (漢南)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Li.

Life

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Li Miao was from Qi County (郪縣), Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡), which is in present-day Santai County, Sichuan.[2] He initially served as the Chief of Niubei County (牛鞞縣; present-day Jianyang, Sichuan) under Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing).[3][1]

In 214,[4] after the warlord Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang and became the new Governor, he appointed Li Miao as an assistant officer (從事) in his office. In the following year, on the first day of the lunar new year, when Li Miao came to greet Liu Bei, he used the opportunity to tell Liu Bei:[5]

"(Liu Zhang) saw you, General, as a fellow member of the imperial clan. That was why he sought your help in resisting a common enemy. Now, he has lost power before the enemy has been defeated. I, (Li) Miao, believe that it is improper of you, General, to take control of this province."[6]

Liu Bei then asked him: "Since you believe it is improper of me to do so, then why don't you help (Liu Zhang)?"[7] Li Miao replied: "It's not because I don't want to help him. It's because I don't have the ability to."[8] When Liu Bei's subordinates urged their lord to execute Li Miao for his audacity, Zhuge Liang stepped in and managed to convince Liu Bei to spare Li Miao.[9][1]

After the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220,[10] Li Miao went on to serve in the state Shu, founded by Liu Bei in 221, during the Three Kingdoms period. He consecutively held the positions of Administrator of Qianwei (犍為太守), Army Adviser under the Imperial Chancellor (丞相參軍), and General Who Pacifies Han (安漢將軍).[11][1]

In 228, after Zhuge Liang executed Ma Su for his failure at the Battle of Jieting,[12] Li Miao told Zhuge Liang:

"When the Qin state pardoned Mengmingshi, he assisted them in gaining dominance over the Xirong.[a] When the Chu state executed Ziyu, they declined for two generations.[b]"[13]

As a result, Li Miao fell out of Zhuge Liang's favour and was sent back from the frontline to the Shu capital Chengdu.[14][1] After Zhuge Liang died in 234, the Shu emperor Liu Shan declared a three-day mourning period.[15] During this time, Li Miao wrote a memorial to Liu Shan as follows:

"It might not have been Lü Lu[c] and Huo Yu's intentions to commit treason. In the same way, Emperor Xuan might not have desired to be seen in a negative light for executing the Huo clan.[d] While the subjects fear the ruler's might, the ruler also fears that his subjects' glory will outshine his. That leads to tensions between both sides. (Zhuge) Liang had full control over a mighty army and he had such aggressive ambitions. As the saying goes, 'the five great subjects of a state should not be located in its borders.'[e] I have always been worried about the security of our State. Now that Zhuge Liang is dead, our people will be safe and there will be no more wars at the western border. Everyone will rejoice."[17]

Liu Shan turned furious after reading Li Miao's memorial and ordered his execution.[18][1]

Family

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Li Miao had three brothers: Li Chao (李朝), Li Shao (李邵), and an unnamed younger brother.

Li Chao (李朝), whose courtesy name was Weinan (偉南), started his career as an Officer of Merit (功曹) in his native Guanghan Commandery before he was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) for higher positions. He later served as the Prefect of Linqiong County (臨邛縣; present-day Qionglai, Sichuan) and as an aide-de-camp under Liu Bei. In 219,[19] when Liu Bei declared himself "King of Hanzhong" following his victory in the Hanzhong Campaign, Li Chao was the one who wrote the declaration for him.[20] Li Chao participated in the Battle of Xiaoting against Wu and died in 222 in Yong'an (永安; present-day Fengjie County, Chongqing) after the battle.[21][22]

Li Shao (李邵), whose courtesy name was Yongnan (永南), served as a scribe and assistant officer under Liu Bei after the latter seized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang in 214.[4] During the Jianxing era (223–237) of Liu Shan's reign, Li Shao became an assistant official under Zhuge Liang. In 225,[23] when Zhuge Liang went on his southern campaign in the Nanzhong region, he left Li Shao behind in Chengdu to serve as an assistant officer in the headquarters office (治中從事). Li Shao died in the same year.[24][25]

Li Miao had an unnamed younger brother who was as famous as his brothers for his talent. However, he died at a relatively young age. Li Miao's three brothers were collectively nicknamed the "Three Dragons of the Li Family" (李氏三龍).[26] Li Miao himself, however, was not considered one of the "Dragons of the Li Family" because of his offensive and rude behaviour.[27]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Mengmingshi (孟明視) was a general of the Qin state in the Spring and Autumn period. He lost the Battle of Xiao against the Jin state in 627 BCE. However, Duke Mu of Qin pardoned him and allowed him to continue serving as a general. Mengmingshi later fought in battles against the Xirong and helped Qin gain dominance over them.
  2. ^ Ziyu was the courtesy name of Cheng Dechen, a prime minister of the Chu state in the Spring and Autumn period. King Cheng of Chu forced him to commit suicide after the Chu state lost the Battle of Chengpu against the Jin state in 632 BCE. The Chu state declined during the reigns of King Cheng and his son King Mu until King Mu's son King Zhuang came to the throne in 613 BCE.
  3. ^ Lü Lu (呂祿) was an official of the early Western Han dynasty and a relative of Empress Lü. He was executed in 180 BCE after the downfall of the Lü clan.
  4. ^ Huo Yu (霍禹) was a general of the Western Han dynasty and a descendant of Huo Guang. He was executed along with the rest of his clan in 66 BCE for plotting to overthrow Emperor Xuan.
  5. ^ This saying comes from the Zuo zhuan.[16] The "five great subjects of a state" refer to five classes of people in a state: (1) the crown prince, (2) the ruler's brothers, (3) the ruler's sons, (4) the ruler's grandsons, and (5) long-serving and highly influential officials. They should not be located at the borders so that the ruler can keep a close watch on them, and prevent them from becoming powerful enough to pose a threat to the ruler.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f de Crespigny (2007), p. 420.
  2. ^ ([李]永南名邵，廣漢郪人也。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  3. ^ (華陽國志曰：[李]邵兄邈，字漢南，劉璋時為牛鞞長。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  4. ^ a b Sima (1084), vol. 67.
  5. ^ (先主領牧，為從事，正旦命行酒，得進見， ...) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  6. ^ (... 讓先主曰：「振威以將軍宗室肺腑，委以討賊，元功未效，先寇而滅；邈以將軍之取鄙州，甚為不宜也。」) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  7. ^ (先主曰：「知其不宜，何以不助之？」) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  8. ^ (邈曰：「匪不敢也，力不足耳。」) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  9. ^ (有司將殺之，諸葛亮為請，得免。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  10. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 69.
  11. ^ (乆之，為犍為太守、丞相參軍、安漢將軍。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  12. ^ (建興六年，亮西征。馬謖在前敗績，亮將殺之， ...) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  13. ^ (... 邈諫以「秦赦孟明，用霸西戎，楚誅子玉，二世不競」， ...) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  14. ^ (... 失亮意，還蜀。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  15. ^ ([建興]十二年，亮卒，後主素服發哀三日， ...) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  16. ^ (... 臣聞五大不在邊， ...) Zuo zhuan, 11th year of Duke Zhao.
  17. ^ (... 邈上疏曰：「呂祿、霍禹未必懷反叛之心，孝宣不好為殺臣之君，直以臣懼其偪，主畏其威，故姦萌生。亮身杖彊兵，狼顧虎視，五大不在邊，臣常危之。今亮殞沒，蓋宗族得全，西戎靜息，大小為慶。」) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  18. ^ (後主怒，下獄誅之。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  19. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 68.
  20. ^ (華陽國志曰：羣下上先主為漢中王；其文，朝所造也。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  21. ^ ([李]偉南名朝，永南兄。郡功曹，舉孝廉，臨邛令，入為別駕從事。隨先主東征吳，章武二年卒於永安。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  22. ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 408.
  23. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 70.
  24. ^ ([李]永南名邵，廣漢郪人也。先主定蜀後，為州書佐部從事。建興元年，丞相亮辟為西曹掾。亮南征，留邵為治中從事，是歲卒。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  25. ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 423.
  26. ^ (益部耆舊雜記曰：朝又有一弟，早亡，各有才望，時人號之李氏三龍。) Yi Bu Qijiu Zaji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  27. ^ (臣松之案耆舊所記，以朝、邵及早亡者為三龍。邈之狂直，不得在此數。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  • Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
  • de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
  • Chang Qu (4th century). Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi).
  • Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
  • Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
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