Kamal Abdel Hafiz Adwan (1935 – 10 April 1973),[1][original research?] also spelt Udwan or Edwan, was a Palestinian politician and one of the top leaders in the Palestinian Liberation Organization. He was killed during a 1973 Israeli raid in Lebanon.[2]
Kamal Abdel Hafiz Adwan | |
|---|---|
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1935 Barbara Mandatory Palestine |
| Died | 10 April 1973 Beirut, Lebanon |
| Political party | Fateh |
| Occupation | Politician, Engineer |
Early life and education
Kamal Adwan was born in the village of Barbara in Mandatory Palestine. He lived there until the village was taken by Israeli troops during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was recorded that the village was depopulated of its 2,800 Palestinian inhabitants,[3] who became refugees in the Gaza Strip and surrounding Arab countries.
When he was thirteen years old, Adwan settled as a refugee in Gaza where he completed his secondary education. He then worked as a teacher during the early 1950s before moving to Egypt to pursue his secondary education to qualify as a petroleum engineer.[4]
Political role in the Palestinian National Movement
Adwan joined the Palestinian national movement in 1952, when he helped to establish the “justice battalion"[5] in Gaza with Khalil al-Wazir, who was later killed by Mossad in 1988.
He then spent his first year as a graduate in Saudi Arabia before he moved to Qatar where he met other Fatah founders including Yasser Arafat. He was one of the founders of Fateh, the Palestinian national movement.[6] He held several political and military positions which included the following:
- Member of the central committee of the Fateh movement,
- Member of the Palestinian national council, the Palestinian Parliament in exile,
- Responsible for the media centre of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
- Leader of Fateh mechanisms in the West Bank (Western sector)
- Adwan had also played a major role in the foundation of Palestinian universities in the Palestinian territories during the early 1970s.
Death
According to Israeli sources, Adwan was directly involved in the Black September Organization. After obtaining approval from Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir,[7] Mossad began a covert assassinations campaign. During the operation, several Palestinian militants were killed. Kamal was killed in the 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon.
In an analysis extrapolated from an interview with a Mossad agent involved in Operation Spring of Youth, and contrary to the Israeli claim that the "Verdun operation" came after the kidnapping and killing of Israeli athletes in Munich, Operation Wrath of God was planned months ahead of the Olympic games crisis, and was not a related to a Black September.[8][better source needed] In his book, The Israeli Secret Services, Ami Pedahzur claims that Adwan seemed to have little or no connection to the Munich hostage crisis,[9] suggesting Mossad's non-involvement in his death. According to Mohammad Odeh Dawood (AKA Abu Dawood), who published his book, From Jerusalem to Munich, Adwan claimed he and two other leaders were masterminds of the Munich hostage crisis.[10]
Kamal was killed in his flat in Beirut, in front of his wife, by Israeli commandos on 10 April 1973 as part of Operation Spring of Youth. Both Kamal Nasser, a charismatic poet and writer, and Mohammad Abu-Youssef al Najjar, a lawyer by profession, were killed in the same attack. His killing came nine months after the murders of Ghassan Kanafani, a Palestinian novelist and a member of FPLP, and his 17-year-old niece, Lamees. An innocent 79 year old Italian woman, living in the same building was also killed, as well as several Lebanese policemen.[11] Two of the attackers were killed by Palestinian defenders during their withdrawal.[12] The funeral of Adwan, Nasser and Al Najjar was attended by nearly half a million people most which were Lebanese.[13]
Ehud Barak, who was elected prime minister of Israel in the late nineties, was among the commanders of the raid.[14] The killing of the three Palestinian leaders opened nearly twenty years of a tit for tat battle between the PLO and the Mossad all over the world.
Legacy
Half a million mourners attended the funeral of Kamal Adwan and his comrades in Beirut.[15] Despite over 40 years having elapsed since his death, Adwan is still remembered by Palestinians as a hero who dedicated his life to the Palestinian cause. Kamal Adwan Hospital in Gaza is named after him. As a key political figure, his name is frequently mentioned in political literature related to the Palestinian struggle in the period between 1956 and 1973.
See also
References
- ^ Telephone Interview with a family member on 14 October 2016
- ^ Lam, Amira (6 September 2015). "Our woman in Beirut". Ynetnews. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ^ "Barbara". Zochrot. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ^ Aaron J. Klein (2005). Striking back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's deadly response. New York: Random House. p. 80. ISBN 9781400064274.
- ^ Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2014). Gaza, a history. London: C.Hurst&co. ISBN 978-1-84904-401-1.
- ^ Sayigh, Yezid (1997). Armed struggle and the search for state, The Palestinian National Movement. Clarendon Press. p. 80 – via ebook.
- ^ Klein, Aoron J (2007). Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympic. Random House Trade – via Kindle version.
- ^ Watad, Nidal (8 September 2015). "Mossad agent reveals details of historic PLO Beirut assassination". TheNewArab. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ^ Pedahzur, Ami (2009). The Israeli Secret Services and The struggle against terrorism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51161-2 – via kindle version.
- ^ Dawood, Mohammad (1999). Palestine, From Jerusalem to Munich. Dar Al naher. p. 452. ISBN 2842891384 – via Arabic version.
- ^ Bird, Kai (2014). The good spy. The life and death of Robert Ames. Crown Publisher. ISBN 978-0-307-88975-1 – via Kindle version.
- ^ Pedahzur, Ami (2009). The Israeli Secret Services and Counter Terrorism. Columbia University Press. p. 44 – via Kindle version.
- ^ Rashid Khalidi (2014). Under Siege. PLO Decisionmaking During the 1982 War. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 23. doi:10.7312/khal16668. ISBN 9780231535953.
- ^ Al-Hout, Shafiq (2011). My life in the PLO. Plutopress. p. 107. ISBN 9781783714230 – via Kindle version.
- ^ Khalidi, Rashid (2013). Under Siege PLO decision making during the 1982 war. Columbia University Press. p. 23 – via ebook.