The Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) (Pub. L. 114–222 (text) (PDF)) is a law enacted by the United States Congress that narrows the scope of the legal doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity. It amends the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act in regards to civil claims against a foreign state for injuries, death, or damages from an act of international terrorism on U.S. soil.
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| Long title | An act to deter terrorism, provide justice for victims, and for other purposes. |
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| Enacted by | the 114th United States Congress |
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| Public law | Pub. L. 114–222 (text) (PDF) |
| Codification | |
| Acts amended | Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 |
| Legislative history | |
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| United States Supreme Court cases | |
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The bill passed the Senate with no opposition in May 2016 and, in September 2016, was unanimously passed by the House of Representatives. On September 28, 2016, both houses of Congress passed the bill into law after overriding a veto from President Obama which had occurred five days earlier. This was the only presidential veto override of Obama's administration.[1]
The practical effect of the legislation was to allow the continuation of a longstanding civil lawsuit brought by families of victims of the September 11 attacks against Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks, though the law does not mention Saudi Arabia by name.[2]
Congressional support and objections
editThe lead sponsors of the legislation in the United States Senate were John Cornyn, Republican of Texas, and Chuck Schumer, Democrat of New York. The bill was originally introduced in December 2009, and was last reintroduced to the Senate on September 16, 2015, and passed by the Senate on May 17, 2016, by a voice vote.[3] In the House of Representatives, the bill's lead sponsors were Representative Peter T. King, Republican of New York, and Representative Jerrold Nadler, Democrat of New York; the legislation had more than 50 cosponsors.[4]
White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest stated, shortly before the Senate voted on the legislation, that the White House was concerned that the JASTA could put the United States, its taxpayers, its service members, and its diplomats at "significant risk" if a similar law is to be adopted by other countries.[5] On September 12, 2016, the bill unanimously passed the House of Representatives.[6] On the same day the House passed the bill, Josh Earnest confirmed that President Obama was very likely to utilize his power to veto,[7][8] which he did on September 23, 2016.[9] An override requires a recorded vote of the positions of all lawmakers.[9][10] On September 28, 2016, the Senate voted to override the veto with 97 senators voting in favor, with Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid being the sole no vote and with Senators Tim Kaine and Bernie Sanders not voting.[11][12] The House followed suit later the same day, passing the bill into law over the president's objections by a 348–77 vote.[13] The veto override was the only override during Obama's presidency.[14]
Predicted impact
editU.S.–Saudi Arabia relationship
editIn the lead-up to the passage of JASTA, Saudi Arabia worked hard to oppose the legislation.[15] When the bill was introduced, the Saudi government "threatened" to sell up to $750 billion in United States Treasury securities and other U.S. assets if the bill is passed.[16] A number of independent economic analysts told the New York Times that Saudi Arabia would be unlikely to follow through on such threats, "saying that such a sell-off would be difficult to execute and would end up crippling the kingdom's economy".[16] There is no evidence that the Saudis ever followed through on these threats.
An official at Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs told the state-run Saudi Press Agency on September 29, 2016, that the U.S. Congress must correct the 9/11 bill to avoid "serious unintended consequences", adding the law is of "great concern" to the Kingdom.[17]
Status of sovereign immunity
editScholars and practitioners of international law expressed concerns about JASTA. For example, John B. Bellinger III, former Legal Adviser of the Department of State warned that the bill could encourage other countries to enact measures that limit sovereign immunity, including that of the United States.[18] Law professor Curtis Bradley at Duke University told ABC News that the bill could result in U.S. citizen lawsuits against potentially any country.[19] Bradley also said that it could lead to legal response in other countries against U.S. activities such as drone strikes and military aid to Israel.[19] Government attorney Joshua Claybourn argued in The American Spectator that international sovereign immunity benefits the United States more than other nations due to significant U.S. foreign activity — diplomatic, economic, and military. Moreover, Claybourn noted America's "relatively deep pockets also make the United States a particularly attractive target".[20] As of February 2024, there is no evidence that any of these warnings proved true.
On September 30, 2016, the law went into effect when the first lawsuit was officially filed against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[17] Stephanie Ross DeSimone alleged the kingdom provided material support to al Qaeda and its leader, Osama bin Laden, in a complaint which was filed at a U.S. court in Washington, D.C.[17] Her suit was also filed on behalf of the couple's daughter.[17] DeSimone was two months pregnant when her husband, United States Navy Commander Patrick Dunn, was killed while working at the Pentagon during the September 11 attacks.[17]
The new law was also expected to allow up to 9,000 plaintiffs from the New York area to sue Saudi Arabia as well.[21] Soon after the law was passed, a group of lawyers stated that they expected that a federal judge would once again take up the cases originally filed in courtrooms across the U.S., but that several years ago were consolidated into one suit in the Southern District of New York.[21]
Lawsuit against Saudi Arabia under JASTA
editOn March 20, 2017, 1,500 injured survivors and 850 family members of 9/11 victims filed a lawsuit against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Plaintiffs allege that the government of Saudi Arabia had prior knowledge that some of its officials and employees were al Qaeda operatives or sympathizers. The complaint alleged that Saudi Arabia "knowingly provided material support and resources to the al Qaeda terrorist organization and facilitating the September 11th Attacks".[22]
On March 2, 2020, the plaintiff in the lawsuit filed a letter stating that potential witnesses have received numerous threats. Saudi Arabia is seeking to obtain the identity of all witnesses to the case.[23]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "U.S. Senate: President Veto Counts". www.senate.gov. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
- ^ "S.2040 – Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act". Congress.gov. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
- ^ Staff (May 17, 2016). "Senate passes bill allowing 9/11 victims to sue Saudi Arabia". Reuters.
- ^ "H.R. 3815 (House companion) cosponsor list". November 23, 2015.
- ^ "Barack Obama travels to Saudi Arabia amid tension over 9/11 law". Agence France-Presse. April 18, 2016.
- ^ Williams, Katie Bo (September 9, 2016). "House unanimously passes bill to allow 9/11 lawsuits against Saudi Arabia". Retrieved September 12, 2016.
- ^ "Obama faces first potential veto override of presidency". Politico. September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
- ^ Allie Malloy (September 12, 2016). "Obama to veto 9/11 victims bill". CNN. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
- ^ a b Demirjian, Karoun (September 23, 2016). "Obama vetoes 9/11 bill, likely setting up first congressional override of his presidency". Washington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
- ^ Dorning, Mike; Olorunnipa, Toluse (September 12, 2016). "Obama Will Veto Saudi 9/11 Legislation, Inviting an Override". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
- ^ Scott Horsley; Alisa Chang. "Senate Votes To Override Obama's Veto On Sept. 11 Lawsuit Bill". NPR. NPR. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
- ^ Donovan Slack; Brian J. Tumulty. "Senate overwhelmingly votes to override Obama veto on 9/11 bill". USA Today. USA Today. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
- ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (September 28, 2016). "Congress Votes to Override Obama Veto on 9/11 Victims Bill". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia and 9/11: Enter the lawyers". The Economist. October 1, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
- ^ Sinclair, Harriet (May 21, 2016). "Why this woman wants to sue Saudi Arabia". The Independent. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ a b Mark Mazzetti, Saudi Arabia Warns of Economic Fallout if Congress Passes 9/11 Bill, New York Times (April 15, 2016).
- ^ a b c d e Andrew M. Harris (September 30, 2016). "Sept. 11 Widow Sues Saudi Arabia Following Congress Override". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
- ^ "Congress thwarts Obama on bill allowing 9/11 lawsuits against Saudi Arabia". Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
- ^ a b "Legal Experts Say Law Allowing 9/11 Families to Sue Saudi Arabia Has Consequences". ABC News. September 29, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
- ^ Claybourn, Joshua (November 4, 2016). "Suing the Saudis Would Be a Mistake". The American Spectator. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
- ^ a b Mark Mazzetti (September 29, 2016). "Claims of Saudi Role in 9/11 Appear Headed for Manhattan Court". New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
- ^ Court Docket for In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11 2001; see also Consolidated Complaint Against Saudi Arabia.
- ^ http://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Letter-to-netburn.pdf [bare URL PDF]