Homophonic translation renders a text in one language into a near-homophonic text in another language, usually with no attempt to preserve the original meaning of the text. For example, the English "sat on a wall" /ˌsæt ɒn ə ˈwɔːl/ is rendered as French "s'étonne aux Halles" [setɔn o al] (literally "gets surprised at the Paris Market"). More generally, homophonic transformation renders a text into a near-homophonic text in the same or another language: e.g., "recognize speech" could become "wreck a nice beach".[1]
Homophonic translation is generally used humorously, as bilingual punning (macaronic language). This requires the listener or reader to understand both the surface, nonsensical translated text, as well as the source text—the surface text then sounds like source text spoken in a foreign accent.
Homophonic translation may be used to render proper nouns in a foreign language. If an attempt is made to match meaning as well as sound, it is phono-semantic matching.
Examples
editFrayer Jerker (1956) is a homophonic translation of the French Frère Jacques.[2] Other examples of homophonic translation include some works by Oulipo (1960–), Frédéric Dard, Luis van Rooten's English-French Mots D'Heures: Gousses, Rames (1967) (Mother Goose's Rhymes), Louis Zukofsky's Latin-English Catullus Fragmenta (1969), Ormonde de Kay's English-French N'Heures Souris Rames (1980) (Nursery Rhymes), John Hulme's German-English Morder Guss Reims: The Gustav Leberwurst Manuscript (Mother Goose's Rhymes),[3] and David Melnick's Ancient Greek-English Men in Aida (1983) (Homer's Iliad).
An example of homophonic transformation in the same language is Howard L. Chace's "Ladle Rat Rotten Hut", written in "Anguish Languish" (English Language) and published in book form in 1956.
A British schoolboy example of Dog Latin:[4]
|
Caesar adsum jam forte. |
I, Caesar, am already here, as it happens. |
Other names proposed for this genre include "allographic translation",[5] "transphonation", or (in French) "traducson",[6] but none of these is widely used.
Here is van Rooten's version of Humpty Dumpty:[7]
|
Humpty Dumpty |
Un petit d'un petit |
A child of a child |
The individual words are all correct French. (*fallent is an obsolete form of the verb falloir; Reguennes is an invented proper name), and some passages follow standard syntax and are interpretable (though nonsensical), but the result is in fact not meaningful French.
The Italian rabbi Leon of Modena composed at age 13[8] an octave by the name of "Kinah Sh'mor", meaningful in both Hebrew and Renaissance Judeo-Italian, as an elegy for his teacher Moses della Rocca.[9] The first four verses are below.
| Hebrew text[8] | Hebrew transliteration | Translation[9] | Judeo-Italian[8] | Roman-type Italian[8] | Translation[9] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
קִינָה שְׁמוֹר. אוֹי מֶה כְּפַּס אוֹצֵר בּוֹ. |
Kinah sh'mor. Oy, meh k'pas otzer bo, | Mark this lament! Ah, but the treasure of him has passed, | קִי נַאשֵׁי מור, אואִימֵי, קֵי ּפַאסוֹ אַצֵירבו! |
Chi nasce muor, Oime, che pass'acerbo! | Whoever is born, dies. Ay, me! A bitter thing has come to pass! |
כָּל טוֹב עֵילוֹם. כּוֹסִי אוֹר דִין אֶל צִילוֹ. |
Kol tov eilom. Kosi or din el tzilo. | All his divine good! The shadow of God's judgment falls on my cup of light. | קולטו וְאֵין לְ אומְ, קוסִי אורְדִינַה לְצְיֵילוֹ. |
Colto vien l'huom, cosi ordin'il Cielo. | A man has been plucked, such is the decree of Heaven. |
מֹשֶׁה, מוֹרִי, מֹשֶׁה יָקָר, דֶבֶר בּוֹ. |
Moshe mori, Moshe, yakar, dever bo. | Moses my teacher, Moses, how precious all was in him, | מוסֵי מורי, מוסֵי, גְיָיה קַאר דֵי וֵירבו, |
Mose morì, Mose gia car de verbo, | Moses has died, Moses, so precious of speech, |
שָׂם תּוּשִׁיָה אוֹן. יוֹם כִּיפּוּר הוּא זֶה לוֹ. |
Sam tushiyah on. Yom Kippur hu zeh lo. | How much resourcefulness and strength were there! This is his Day of Atonement. | סַאנְטו סִיאַה אונְיִי אום, קון פורו זֵילוֹ! |
Santo sia ogn'huom, con puro zelo! | Sainted be he of all men, pure was his zeal! |
Ghil'ad Zuckermann's "Italo-Hebraic Homophonous Poem"[10] is meaningful in both Italian and Hebrew, "although it has a surreal, evocative flavour, and modernist style".[11]
| Translation from Italian | Italian-Hebrew | Translation from Hebrew |
|---|---|---|
|
Libido, Eva, |
Libido, Eva, ליבִּי דוֹאב, |
My heart is languishing, |
Here is another example of a sentence which has two completely different meanings if read in Latin or in Italian:
| Sentence | Latin meaning | Italian meaning |
|---|---|---|
| I Vitelli dei Romani sono belli. | Go, Vitellius, at the Roman god's sound of war. (Ī, Vitellī, deī Rōmānī sonō bellī.) |
The Romans' calves are beautiful. (I vitelli dei Romani sono belli.) |
Similar wordplay
editAn accidental homophonic transformation is known as a mondegreen. The term has also been applied to intentional homophonic translations of song lyrics, often combined with music videos, which have gained popularity on the internet. In Japan, homophonic transformation for humor is known as soramimi.
See also
edit- Gramogram – Group of letters pronounced as if a word
- Holorime, a form of rhyme where the entire line or phrase is repeated by a homophonic variant
- Mairzy Doats
- Mondegreen, the erroneous interpretation of language by homophony
- Mots d'Heures
- Phono-semantic matching (PSM), a borrowing in which a foreign word is matched with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root.
- Soramimi, homophonic reinterpretation for humor
- Translation
References
edit- ^ An often-used example in the literature of speech recognition. An early example is N. Rex Dixon, "Some Problems in Automatic Recognition of Continuous Speech and Their Implications for Pattern Recognition" Proceedings of the First International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE, 1973 as quoted in Mark Liberman, "Wrecking a nice beach", Language Log August 5, 2014 Archived June 11, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Chace, Howard L. (1956). "Frayer Jerker". Anguish Languish [English Language]. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. OCLC 2539398. Archived from the original on 2013-03-13.
- ^ 1981; ISBN 0517545594
- ^ the first line is quoted by Nigel Molesworth in Down With Skool 1953, by Geoffrey Willans, illustrated by Ronald Searle, p. 41.
- ^ Bernard Dupriez, A Dictionary of Literary Devices: Gradus, A-Z, Toronto 1991. ISBN 0-8020-6803-0. p. 462.
- ^ cf. Genette, Gérard; Newman, Channa; Doubinsky, Claude (January 1997). Palimpsests. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0803270291. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
- ^ "Luis d'Antin van Rooten's Humpty Dumpty". The Guardian. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ^ a b c d Aaron D. Rubin (2017). "Judeo-Italian". In Kahn, Lily; Rubin, Aaron D. (eds.). Handbook of Jewish Languages (2 ed.). Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 343–345. ISBN 978-90-04-34577-5.
- ^ a b c Philologos. "When the Second Verse Is Same as the First in Hebrew". The Forward. Forward Association. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ Word Ways 36 (2003)
- ^ "One of Dr Ghil'ad Zuckermann's Italo-Hebraic Bilingual Homophonous Poems". Zuckermann.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2021-11-24.