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Heinrich von Treitschke

Heinrich Gotthard Freiherr von Treitschke (German: [ˈhaɪ̯n.ʁɪç fɔn ˈtʁaɪ̯.t͡ʃkə]; 15 September 1834 – 28 April 1896) was a German historian, political writer and National Liberal member of the Reichstag during the time of the German Empire. He was an extreme nationalist,[1] who favored German colonialism and opposed the British Empire. He also opposed Catholics, Poles, Jews and socialists inside Germany.

Heinrich von Treitschke
Heinrich von Treitschke, c. 1895/96.
Born(1834-09-15)15 September 1834
Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony
Died28 April 1896(1896-04-28) (aged 61)
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
NationalityGerman
OccupationHistorian
Employer(s)Freiburg and Berlin Universities
SpouseEmma von Treitschke
ChildrenClara von Tungeln, and Maria von Treitschke

Early life and teaching career

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Treitschke was born in Dresden. He was the son of an officer of the Kingdom of Saxony's army who became governor of Königstein and military governor of Dresden. Treitschke developed an increasing hearing problem at a young age, and so was prevented from entering public service. After studying at the universities of Leipzig and Bonn, where he was a student of Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann, he established himself as a Privatdozent at Leipzig, lecturing on history and politics. At one time he became very popular with the students, but his political opinions made it impossible for the Saxon government to appoint him to a professorship.[2][3]

At that time Treitschke was a strong Liberal; he hoped to see Germany united into a single state with a parliamentary government, and all the smaller states annexed.[4] He praised colonialism, stating:

Every virile people has established colonial power. All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come.[5]

Treitschke also endorsed Social Darwinian theories of brutal competition among races. In an essay published in 1862, Treitschke praised the "pitiless racial struggle" of Germans against Lithuanians, Poles and Old Prussians; he claimed that "magic" emanated from "eastern German soil" which had been "fertilised" by "noble German blood". While his main objective was to give historical legitimisation to the Germanising of Poles in Prussia, the praise of a legendary migration eastward performed by German ancestors would eventually become a means of legitimising claims to further eastern territories.[6]

He was appointed professor at the University of Freiburg in 1863; in 1866, at the beginning of the Austro-Prussian War, his sympathies with the Kingdom of Prussia were so strong that he went to Berlin, became a Prussian subject, and was appointed editor of the Preussische Jahrbücher. His violent article, in which he demanded the annexation of the Kingdoms of Hanover and Saxony, and attacked with great invective the Saxon royal house, caused an estrangement from his father, a personal friend of the king. It was only equalled in its ill humour by his attacks on Bavaria during 1870.[7] After possessing appointments at the University of Kiel and the University of Heidelberg, he was made professor at Friedrich Wilhelm University (what is now named Humboldt University) in Berlin in 1874.[8]

Political career

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Treitschke became a member of the Reichstag in 1871 and until his death was one of the best known people in Berlin. He was largely deaf during this period and had an aide sit by his side to transcribe discussion into writing so that he could participate.[9]

On Heinrich von Sybel's death, Treitschke succeeded him as editor of the Historische Zeitschrift. He had outgrown his early Liberalism and become the chief panegyrist of the House of Hohenzollern. He made violent and influential attacks on all opinions and all parties which seemed in any way to be injurious to the increasing power of Germany. He endorsed Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and his program to subdue the Socialists, Poles and Catholics[7] (Kulturkampf), but the attempts were unsuccessful because the victims organized themselves and used universal male suffrage to their advantage in the Reichstag until Bismarck finally relented.

A strong proponent of German colonialism, Treitschke was a strong critic of the British Empire, and his condemnations were favoured by some German imperialists. His increasingly-chauvinistic Anglophobia in the late-19th century increasingly considered England as the strongest potential adversary of the rapidly-industrialising German Empire.

In the Reichstag, he had originally been a member of the National Liberal Party, but in 1879, he was the first to accept the new commercial policy of Bismarck. During his later years, he joined the Moderate Conservatives though his deafness prevented him from taking a prominent part in debate.[7]

Treitschke rejected the concern of the Enlightenment and liberalism for individual rights and the separation of powers, in favour of an authoritarian monarchist and militarist concept of the state.[10][11][12] He deplored the "penetration of French liberalism" (Eindringen des französischen Liberalismus) within the German nation.[13]

Treitschke was one of the few celebrities who endorsed anti-Semitic attacks which became prevalent from 1879 onwards. He accused German Jews of refusing to assimilate into German culture and society and attacked the flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian Poland. Treitschke popularised the phrase "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!" ("The Jews are our misfortune!"), which would be adopted as a motto by the Nazi publication Der Stürmer several decades later. He made several anti-Semitic remarks such as the following:

The Jews at one time played a necessary role in German history, because of their ability in the management of money. But now that the Aryans have become accustomed to the idiosyncrasies of finance, the Jews are no longer necessary. The international Jew, hidden in the mask of different nationalities, is a disintegrating influence; he can be of no further use to the world.[14]

Because of his prominent status, Treitschke's remarks aroused widespread controversy.[15]

Treitschke was considered favorably by the political elites of Prussia, and Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow personally declared that he kept a copy of von Treitschke's book for "several years" on his desk.[16]

Death and legacy

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In 1896, Treitschke died in Berlin at 61 and is buried at the Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof Berlin.

Throughout his life, Treitschke endorsed militarism and racism, praised the conquest of other nations and eradication of inferior peoples ("Brave peoples expand, cowardly peoples perish") and claimed that people of African heritage were "inferior".[17][18][19]

Endorsing the idea of exterminating conquered nations, he wrote:

In the unhappy clash between races, inspired by fierce mutual enmity, the blood-stained savagery of quick war of annihilation is more humane, less revolting, than the specious clemency of sloth which keeps the vanquished in a state of brute beasts.[20]

 
Treitschke's tomb in Berlin.

Treitschke considered political history as a German nationalist and emphasized periods of great political change. He was a patriotic historian devoted to Prussia. His great achievement was the History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century. The first volume was published in 1879, and for 26 years, four more volumes appeared. At his death, he had only advanced to 1847.[7]

He also wrote biographical and historical essays, as well as essays concerning contemporary politics. The most important essays were collected as Historische und politische Aufsatze.[21] A selection from his more controversial writings was made with the title Zehn Jahre deutscher Kämpfe. In 1896 a new volume was published, Deutsche Kämpfe, neue Folge. After his death his lectures on political subjects were published with the title Politik.[7]

He also published in 1856 a short volume of poems named Vaterländische Gedichte and another volume the next year. His first works to be translated into English were two pamphlets on the War of 1870, What we demand from France (London, 1870) and The Baptism of Fire of the North German Confederation (1870).[7]

Treitschke's students included Heinrich Claß, Hans Delbrück, W. E. B. Du Bois, Otto Hintze, Max Lenz, Erich Marcks, Friedrich Meinecke, Karl Peters, Gustav Schnürer, Georg Simmel and Friedrich von Bernhardi. During World War I, many writers in the West, particularly in Britain, blamed Bernhardi for creating attitudes among the political class of Germany that were considered an incitement to war. This opinion was repeated by historians such as Fritz Fischer, who deemed him a major influence on decision-makers before World War I.

A complete translation of both volumes of Treitschke's Politics was published in London in 1916. Politics was published in 1963 in an abridged English translation edited by Hans Kohn.

Bibliography

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The German Historians and England: A Study in Nineteenth-century Views By Charles E. McClelland page 189
  2. ^ Headlam 1911, p. 238.
  3. ^ Andreas Dorpalen, Heinrich von Treitschke (Yale University Press, 1957)
  4. ^ Headlam 1911, pp. 238–239.
  5. ^ Quincy Wright; Louise Leonard Wright (1983). A Study of War. University of Chicago Press. p. 288. ISBN 9780226910017.
  6. ^ Heinrich von Treitschke, "Das deutsche Ordensland Preussen", Preussische Jahrbücher, 10 (1862), p. 96, cf. Michael Burleigh, Wolfgang Wippermann The Racial State: Germany, 1933–1945; Cambridge University Press, 1993; p. 27
  7. ^ a b c d e f Headlam 1911, p. 239.
  8. ^ Dorpalen, Heinrich von Treitschke (1957)
  9. ^ A deaf legislator. (1871). American Annals of the Deaf, 16 (3), 208.
  10. ^ Bulhof, I.N. (2012). Wilhelm Dilthey: A Hermeneutic Approach to the Study of History and Culture. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 14.
  11. ^ Gay, Ruth (1994). The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait. Yale University Press. p. 217.
  12. ^ Spellman, W.M. (2011). A Short History of Western Political Thought. Macmillan International Higher Education.
  13. ^ Stackelberg, Roderick (December 2012). "Antisemitic Interpretations of History in Germany". H-Net Reviews.
  14. ^ Alfred Andrea and James Overfield, ed. (2011). The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume II: Since 1500. Cengage Learning. pp. 294–95. ISBN 978-1133420040.
  15. ^ Ben-Sasson, H.H., ed. (1976): A History of the Jewish People. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press), p. 875.
  16. ^ Ethics and extermination: reflections on Nazi genocide by Michael Burleigh, Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 17
  17. ^ The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics Western International Theory, 1760–2010 John M. Hobson May 2012 page 156
  18. ^ Ideology of death: why the Holocaust happened in Germany – Page 133 John Weiss – 1996
  19. ^ Wayward Reproductions: Genealogies of Race and Nation in Transatlantic Modern Thought: Genealogies of Race and Nation in Trasatlantic Modern Thought Alys Eve Weinbaum page 229
  20. ^ Genocide in Age of Nation State v. 2, Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide, p. 34, Mark Levene
  21. ^ Heinrich von Treitschke: Historische und politische Aufsatze (4 vols., Leipzig, 1896)

References

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Attribution:

Further reading

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  • Davis, H. W. Carless, The political thought of Heinrich von Treitschke, 1914; online
  • Dorpalen, Andreas. Heinrich von Treitschke (New Haven 1957), the standard biography in English
  • Hausrath, Adolf, ed. Treitschke, his doctrine of German destiny and of international relations: together with a study of his life and work (1914) online edition pp. 1–136 comprise a popular biography by Hausrath
  • Joll, James. "Treitschke and the Prussian Legend" History Today (1952) 2#3 pp 186–190 online.
  • Kilgour, Johnathan Bruce. "Heinrich von Treitschke| Creating a German national mission." (MA Thesis, University of Montana, 2004) online
  • Kohler, George Y. "German Spirit and Holy Ghost – Treitschke's Call for Conversion of German Jewry: The Debate Revisited", Modern Judaism 30:2 (2010), pp. 172–195
  • Langer, Ulrich. Heinrich von Treitschke (Düsseldorf 1998) in German
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