A gas slug is a conglomerate of high pressure gas bubbles that forms within certain volcanoes, the agitation of which is a driving factor in Strombolian eruptions. They start out as small bubbles of gas inside of volcanic magma.[1] These accumulate into one large bubble, which starts to rise through the lava plume. Gas slugs also consist of many chemical properties that assist scientists in monitoring volcanic eruptions.
Chemistry
editVolcanic eruptions consist of mostly water vapor gases, with sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide playing a huge part in gas release as well. Volcanic gases also rely on the composition of magma in the chamber of the volcano and gas separation processes before the point of eruption.[1]
Taylor bubbles, named after G. I. Taylor, refer to elongated gas bubbles in a liquid flow of a system. Taylor bubbles are distinctly "bullet shaped" and are involved in fluid dynamics.[2] Within volcanic activity, magma rises in the volcanic chamber, slowing the movement of gas particles (H2O, SO2, CO2) and allowing for them to separate.[2] As a result, this creates Taylor bubbles, which play a big part in Strombolian eruptions.
Formation
editOnce the accumulated slug reaches the top of the column and comes in contact with air, it bursts with a loud pop because of the lower air pressure, throwing magma into the air in the typical lava volcanic arc of a Strombolian eruption.[3] This type of eruption is episodic, non-damaging to its source vent, and one of the slowest forms of activity, with the ability to sustain itself for thousands of years.[4] Recent research also suggests that they can form as deep as 3 km (2 mi) under the surface.[5]
Monitoring/Hazards and Impacts
editGas slugs help volcanologists monitor Strombolian eruptions with the help of overpressure stimulation, which occurs when too much pressure grows from the uprising of magmatic material. Seismic and infrasonic signals also contribute to the monitoring of these specific eruptions around the world with the help of gas slugs.[6]
Volcanic activity can pose a threat to the environment and its surroundings, humans, and animals as well. Gas slugs lead to more outbursts of magma and lava from the volcano, leading to pyroclastic flows. These currents from the flows are very dense due to their solid and gaseous properties, allowing them to seep into the environment, harming agriculture and any other living aspects.[6]
References
edit- ^ a b Edmonds, Marie (2008-12-28). "New geochemical insights into volcanic degassing". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 366 (1885): 4559–4579. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0185. ISSN 1364-503X.
- ^ a b Morgado, A. O.; Miranda, J. M.; Araújo, J. D. P.; Campos, J. B. L. M. (2016-10-01). "Review on vertical gas–liquid slug flow". International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 85: 348–368. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2016.07.002. ISSN 0301-9322.
- ^ "How Volcanoes Work: Strombolian Eruptions". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2001. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ Cain, Fraser (22 April 2010). "Strombolian Eruption". Universe Today. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Burton, Mike; Allard, Patrick; Muré, Filippo; La Spina, Alessandro (2007). "Magmatic Gas Composition Reveals the Source Depth of Slug-Driven Strombolian Explosive Activity". Science. 317 (5835). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 227–230. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..227B. doi:10.1126/science.1141900. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 17626881. S2CID 23123305. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ a b Del Bello, Elisabetta; Llewellin, Edward W.; Taddeucci, Jacopo; Scarlato, Piergiorgio; Lane, Steve J. (February 2012). "An analytical model for gas overpressure in slug-driven explosions: Insights into Strombolian volcanic eruptions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 117 (B2). doi:10.1029/2011JB008747. ISSN 0148-0227.