Fróði's Peace (Old Norse: Fróðafrið) is a semi-legendary period of peace throughout Northern Europe that is referenced in Nordic mythology, skaldic poetry and historical accounts.
Attestations
editHeimskringla
editIn Snorri Sturluson's euhemeristic account of Ynglinga Saga, the god Freyr is portrayed as a king of Sweden and the progenitor of the Yngling dynasty. After building the Temple at Uppsala, Fróði's Peace began and the Swedes experienced good seasons which brought them wealth. They attributed this to Freyr and they worshipped him above all other gods. After the death of the euhemerised Freyr, the peace and good seasons continued and he was buried in a howe. The saga tells that the Swedes believed Fróði's Peace and the good seasons would be maintained as long as Freyr remained in Sweden, refusing to have his body burned and instead continuing to perform blót to him so the good period would continue.[1][2]
Regarding this, Rudolf Simek states that "it has been realized for a long time that Fróði and Freyr are identical and even Freyr's affinity to Sweden mentioned by Snorri is beyond doubt, as the cult place names (as much as anything) prove."[3]
Prose Edda
edit
Snorri Sturluson's prose prologue to Grottasöngr describes that at the time of the birth of Jesus and the Pax Romana, the most powerful king at the time in Northern Europe was the Skjöldung Fróði and the peace was attributed to him.[4]
In contrast to this, Snorri then describes how Frodi in fact was using the jötnar, Fenja and Menja, who he bought from the Yngling, King Fjölnir of Sweden to grind peace, gold and happiness from an enchanted millstone. Following this, feuding ceased. Theft would also not occur and a ring left on Jelling heath would lie for a long time.[4]
After being overworked, Fenja and Menja use the mill to summon an army to free them and kill the king, ending Fróði's Peace.[4]
Gesta Danorum
editIn Gesta Danorum Book 5, chapter 12, Saxo Grammaticus describes a Danish king named Frode. After establishing rule of Scandinavia, the British Isles, the Huns and the Slavs he enacts strict penalties for theft and orders for golden rings to be hung up on highways in Jutland, the centre of his realm, as a test of his subjects' honesty. Following this, peace is maintained for thirty years.[5]
In accordance with Snorri, Saxo Grammaticus estimates the time of Fróði's Peace to around the birth of Jesus, to which he also attributes a period of world peace.[5]
Vellekla
editIn the drápa Vellekla, the skald Einarr Helgason skálaglamm praises the ruler Haakon Jarl:
Engi varð á jǫrðu |
No well-descended guarding-Njǫrðr of the spear-board [warrior] |
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
editIn the poem Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Fróði's Peace is used as a heiti for calm before a battle.
Fara hildingar hjörstefnu til, |
The chieftains go to a sword-meeting [battle], |
| —Old Norse text[7] | —Orchard Translation[8] |
See also
edit- Golden Age - Mythical ideal periods set in the past
References
edit- ^ Ynglinga saga, Chapter 12-13.
- ^ Laing 1961, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Simek 2008, p. 92.
- ^ a b c Brodeur 1916.
- ^ a b Grammaticus.
- ^ Marold 2012, p. 280.
- ^ Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, 13.
- ^ Orchard 2011, p. 119.
Bibliography
editPrimary
edit- Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (1916). The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturlson. New York, The American-Scandinavian Foundation. ISBN 9798534277388.
- Grammaticus, Saxo. "The Danish History". Wikisource. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- Laing, Samuel (1961). Heimskringla. Part two, Sagas of the Norse Kings. London: Dent. ISBN 0460008471.
- Marold, Edith (2012). "Einarr skálaglamm Helgason, Vellekla". Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- Orchard, Andy (2011). The Elder Edda : a book of Viking lore. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141393728.
- "Ynglinga saga". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- "Helgakviða Hundingsbana I". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
Secondary
edit- Simek, Rudolf (2008). A Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Hall, Angela. BOYE6. ISBN 9780859915137.