Cookeite is a mineral species of the silicate group and the phyllosilicate subgroup, part of the chlorite family, with the formula LiAl4(Si3Al)O10(OH)8.[1] This soft, low-density mineral of variable color has a crystalline structure made up of alternating layers LiAl2(OH)6 and Al2O4(OH)2Si8O12 having several polytypes. Cookeite is often found as a product of hydrothermal alteration of silicates in pegmatites. It forms at relatively low temperatures (below 200 °C) and variable pressures.
| Cookeite | |
|---|---|
 Cookeite on quartz, Paris, Maine, topotype deposit | |
| General | |
| Category | IX |
| Formula (repeating unit) | LiAl 4(Si 3Al)O 10(OH) 8 |
| Strunz classification | 09.EC.55 |
| Dana classification | 71.04.01.02 |
| Crystal system | monoclinic |
| Crystal class | prismatic; C2 or Cc |
| Identification | |
| Color | white, green, brown, golden, pink |
| Twinning | around [310] |
| Cleavage | perfect over {001} |
| Fracture | flexible |
| Tenacity | 2,5 |
| Luster | pearly; silky |
| Density | from 2.58 to 2.69 |
| Refractive index | α = 1,572–1,576, β = 1,579–1,584, γ = 1,589–1,6 |
| Birefringence | biaxial (+), 0,0170–0,0240 2V = 35 to 60° |
| Pleochroism | x = y: pale green to pink, z: colorless to pale yellow |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | cream yellow (SW) |
History
editInventor and etymology
editCookeite was described in 1866 by mineralogist George Jarvis Brush[2] and dedicated to Josiah Parsons Cooke (1827-1894), an American mineralogist and chemist at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.[3]
Topotype
editThe topotype deposit is located in the Mount Mica Quarry, Paris, Oxford County, Maine, USA.
Type samples are deposited at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (No. 2.3728).[4]
Physico-chemical properties
editDetermination criteria
editCookeite is a white mineral with green, brown, golden, or pinkish hues of varying intensity. It occurs as pseudo-hexagonal crystals, spherules, radiated or fibrous aggregates. It has a pearly or silky sheen, and is transparent to translucent. It is flexible but inelastic, with perfect cleavage on the {001} plane and micaceous fracture[5] (formation of thin sheets or flakes).
Cookeite is a soft mineral, as its hardness only ranges from 2.5 to 3.5 on the Mohs scale. It is also not very dense, with a measured density ranging from 2.58 to 2.69.[6] Cookeite has a pale green to pink pleochroism along the X and Y axes, and is colorless to pale yellow along the Z axis. It has a white line and fluoresces creamy-yellow fairly regularly.[5]
Chemical composition
editCookeite, with the formula LiAl4(Si3Al)O10(OH)8, has a molecular mass of 522.16 u, or 8.67 × 10-25 kg. It is therefore composed of the following elements:
| Chemical composition of the mineral | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Element | Number (formula) | Atomic mass (u) | % of molecular mass |
| Lithium | 1 | 6,94 | 1, 33 % |
| Silicium | 3 | 84,26 | 16,14 % |
| Aluminium | 5 | 134,91 | 25,84 % |
| Hydrogen | 8 | 8,06 | 1,54 % |
| Oxygen | 18 | 287,99 | 55,15 % |
| Total : 35 elements | Total : 522,16 u | Total : 100 % | |
Impurities often found in cookeite include iron, manganese, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium.[6]
The silicon in the silicate layers may be partly substituted by aluminum, boron or beryllium, with a fairly constant (Al,B,Be)/Si ratio.[1]
Crystallochemistry
editCookeite is a polytype of chlorite.
According to Strunz's classification, it belongs to the class of silicates (IX), more precisely micaceous phyllosilicates (9.E) composed of tetrahedral and octahedral lattices (9.EC)
| Members of micaceous phyllosilicate group 9.EC.55 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Formula | Point group | Space group |
| Baileychlore | (Zn,Al) 3[Fe 2Al][Si 3AlO 10](OH) 8 |
1 | C1 |
| Borocookeite | Li 1+3xAl 4-x(BSi 3)O 10(OH,F) 8 (x ≤ 0,33) |
2/m | C2/m |
| Chamosite | (Fe,Mg,Fe) 5Al(Si 3Al)O 10(OH,O) 8 |
2/m | C2/m |
| Clinochlore | (Mg,Fe) 5Al(Si 3Al)O 10(OH) 8 |
2/m | C2/m |
| Cookeite | LiAl 4(Si 3Al)O 10(OH) 8 |
2 or 2/m | C1, C2 or Cc |
| Donbassite | Al 2[Al 2,33][Si 3AlO 10](OH) 8 |
2/m | C2/m |
| Franklinfurnaceite | Ca(Fe,Al)Mn 4Zn 2Si 2O 10(OH) 8 |
2 | C2 |
| Glagolevite | NaMg 6[Si 3AlO 10](OH,O) 8·H 2O |
1 | C1 |
| Gonyerite | Mn 3[Mn 3Fe][(Si,Fe) 4O 10](OH,O) 8 |
orthorhombic
pseudo-hexagonal |
unknown |
| Nimite | (Ni,Mg,Fe) 5Al(Si 3Al)O 10(OH) 8 |
2/m | C2/m |
| Odinite | (Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn) 2,5(Si,Al) 2O 5(OH) 4 |
m | Cm |
| Orthochamosite | (Fe,Mg,Fe) 5Al(Si 3Al)O 10(OH,O) 8 |
orthorhombic
pseudo-hexagonal |
unknown |
| Pennantite | Mn 5Al(Si 3Al)O 10(OH) 8 |
2/m | C2/m |
| Sudoite | Mg 2(Al,Fe) 3Si 3AlO 10(OH) 8 |
2/m | C2/m |
According to Dana Classification System, cookeite is found in the phyllosilicate class (class 71), whose silicate layers are formed by six-membered rings with alternating 2:1 layers (two layers of T tetrahedra around a layer of O octahedra) and 1:1 layers (isolated layer of octahedra) (71.04), and more precisely in the chlorite group (71.04.01).
Crystallography
editOverview
editCookeite generally crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. Its space group can be C2,[7] Cc[8] (monoclinic) or C1[9] (triclinic).
Its structure consists of a stack of layers containing metallic elements and aluminosilicate layers. The coordination polyhedron of the metallic elements is an octahedron, whose vertices are O2- anions or hydroxyl (OH)- groups. The aluminosilicate layers contain an octahedrally coordinated aluminum layer and two aluminosilicate layers formed by six-membered (Si,Al)6O18 rings of (Si,Al)O4 tetrahedra. The layers are connected by hydrogen bonds.[10]
There are two types of octahedral layers, denoted O and O', which differ in their degree of filling. Cookeites belong to the "di, trioctahedral" chlorites, i.e. they possess:
- a layer of O octahedra, with all sites occupied by metallic elements (trioctahedral layer);
- a less dense layer of O' octahedra, only two-thirds of whose sites are occupied (dioctahedral layer). Unoccupied octahedral sites are called "vacant sites". This layer is surrounded by two layers of six-membered rings of aluminosilicate tetrahedra, noted T, to form T-O'-T layers.
-
Trioctahedral layer O, of chemical composition LiAl
2(OH)
6. -
Dioctahedral layer O', of chemical composition Al
2O
4(OH)
2. -
Aluminosilicate layer T-O'-T. The black circle indicates six-membered rings.
The O layer contains the metal cations Al3+ and Li+. The distribution of these cations is not ordered in the structure: octahedral sites can host either Al3+ or Li+, but the occupation of the sites by these cations varies from cell to cell in a non-periodic fashion. For this reason, octahedral sites are referred to as "mixed occupancy" sites. The occupancy of a site by different chemical species is described by its occupancy percentages, i.e. by the probability of finding a certain chemical species there. For example, the trioctahedral O layer of r-cookeite shown above has three different sites,[nb 1] two of which are predominantly occupied by aluminum (orange octahedra) and the third by lithium (green octahedra). Similarly, the tetrahedral sites of the six-membered (Si,Al)6O18 rings are of mixed silicon and aluminum occupancy (yellow in the figure).
The structure of cookeite can be seen as an alternating stack of brucite-type layers and talc-type layers.[10] Indeed, brucite Mg(OH)2 consists of Mg3OH6[11] layers, and talc Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2 consists of Mg2O4(OH)2Si8O12 layers.[12] In cookeite, Li+ and Al3+ cations take the place of Mg2+ cations in brucite-type layers (O layers) and talc (O' layers).
The stacking of layers is not identical in all cookeites: there are several polytypes, distinguished by the length of the stacking period (lattice parameter c for monoclinic cookeites).
Cookeite r
edit
Cookeite "r" is a rare lithium-rich cookeite with the formula Al2(Al2Li)(Si3,04Al0,96)O10(OH)8. It crystallizes in the space group Cc, with Z=4 form units per conventional cell.[8] Its cell parameters are ɑ= 5,158 Å, b = 8,940 Å, c = 28,498 Å and β = 96,6° (unit cell volume V = 1 305,41 Å3) and its volumetric mass density is 2,66 g/cm3.
Its structure consists of an alternating stack of two types of layers, noted O and T-O'-T, parallel to the plane (ɑ, b).
The O layers, with a composition LiAl2(OH)6+, are made up of octahedrons (Al,Li)(OH)6 connected by their edges. All octahedra are of mixed aluminum and lithium occupancy. O-layer cations are distributed over three non-equivalent sites by symmetry. Two-thirds of the sites are preferentially occupied by Al3+ à 91 % (orange octahedrons in the figure opposite), a third of the sites contain 82 % of Li+ (green octahedra). The average (Al,Li)-OH bond length is 1.95 Å for octahedra containing predominantly aluminum and 2.11 Å for the others.[8]
The T-O'-T layers, with a composition Al2O4(OH)2Si8O12, are made up of an O' layer of octahedrons AlO4(OH)2 containing exclusively aluminium, surrounded by two T layers of tetrahedrons (Si,Al)4O10, structured in the form of six-membered rings (Si,Al)6O18 in which the tetrahedrons (Si,Al)O4 layers have a mixed occupancy of silicon and aluminum. The Al3+ cations in the O' layers are symmetrically distributed over two non-equivalent sites, with an average Al-O bond length of 1.92 Å. The cations (Si4+,Al3+) layers are distributed over four non-equivalent sites, with an average (Si,Al)-O bond length of 1.66 Å. There are two T-O'-T layers in the r-cookeite: the first is located at the edge of the cell, around the (x, y, z=0) coordinate plane, and the second is located in the center of the cell, around the (x, y, z=1/2)[nb 2] coordinate plane. These two layers are identical and equivalent through the translatory mirror c with coordinates (x, y, z=1/4).[13][nb 3] Since the O' layer has only one vacant site in the cell, when the layers are stacked, the vacant sites of the two layers are shifted in the (a, b).
Other cookeites
editA cookeite with the formula (Al1,85Fe0,13)(Li0,65Al1,96)(Si3,4Al0,6)O10,35(OH)7,65 from the Djalair bauxite deposit in Central Asia has been described in triclinic space group C1 (Z = 2 form units per cell), with cell parameters = 5.14 Å, = 8.90 Å, = 14.15 Å, α = 90.55°, β = 96.2° and γ = 90° (cell volume V = 643.49 Å3). It has a volumetric mass density of 2,69 g/cm3. Its structure is noted as IIa in the nomenclature of chlorite polytypes.[9]
The cell parameter of cookeite IIa is half that of r-cookeite: the difference between these two structures is due to the stacking of the O and T-O'-T layers. Within the layers themselves, there is no notable structural difference between this cookeite and the r-cookeite. However, the dioctahedral O' layers of cookeite IIa are all identical and ordered so as to have the vacant sites one above the other in the stacking direction of the layers, whereas in r-cookeite, due to the translatory mirror c, the vacant sites of the O' layers do not overlap.
Note: there are two space groups in the triclinic system: P1. The symmetry of this cookeite is P1; its description in the unconventional space group C1, inducing an artificially doubled cell in the (ɑ, b) plane with respect to the primitive conventional cell, makes it easier to compare its structure with that of monoclinic cookeites.
Mineral deposits
edit
Gîtology and associated minerals
editCookeite is often a product of the hydrothermal alteration of lithium-bearing minerals, such as lepidolite or certain tourmalines, in pegmatites,[5][14] and can also occur in hydrothermal veins in the primary state.
It is often associated with the following minerals: albite, lepidolite, microcline, petalite, quartz, spodumene and tourmaline.
Productive deposits of remarkable specimens
edit- Germany
- Uranium mine in the Krunkelbach valley, Menzenschwand, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg.[15]
- Bolivia
- Siglo Veinte (XX) mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo province, Potosí department.[16]
- Canada
- Tanco Mine, Lac-du-Bonnet (Bernic Lake), Manitoba.[17]
- China
- Yaogangxian Mine, Xian de Yizhang, Chenzhou, Hunan.[18]
- United States
- France
- Goutasson, Couledoux, Haute-Garonne, Occitania.[20]
- Madagascar
- Tsarafara Sud, Sahatany valley, Sahatany pegmatite fields, Vakinankaratra, Antananarivo province.[21]
- Czech Republic
- Huber Stock, Krásno, Horní Slavkov, district de Sokolov, région de Karlovy Vary, Bohemia.[22]
Mineral growth
editCookeite is a product of silicate alteration. In low-grade metamorphic zones, it is associated with pyrophyllite. In high-grade metamorphic zones, it is formed mainly by the alteration of kyanite.
A study of samples collected in the Ardlethan stanniferous field in Australia showed that cookeite forms in the porous interstices of granitic breccias containing quartz, sulfides (such as pyrite), cassiterite, tourmaline, and fluorite.[23] It occurs at relatively low temperatures (between 150°C and 200°C) under hydrothermal conditions, after other minerals have formed in the breccia. The lithium in cookeite is the result of hydrothermal transport of magmatic fluids.
Pressure seems to have the greatest influence on the degree of crystallinity and composition of the cookeite. At low pressures, the stacking of layers is not very regular and the cookeite may contain many substitutional impurities. At higher pressures (above 10 kbar), the structure is more ordered, resulting in a higher degree of crystallinity and purer cookeite.[24] However, this direct relationship between pressure and structure has been called into question by the discovery of several samples of different crystallinity in the same sample from a low-pressure zone.[25] Cookeites from high pressure always exhibit a high degree of crystallinity, but ordered cookeites can also be found at low pressure. The low-crystallinity crystals assumed to be characteristic of low pressures simply haven't yet reached the thermodynamic equilibrium of ordered crystals, due to other factors such as deformation of the medium or the chemical environment.
Notes
edit- ^ Since a perfect crystal is considered an ordered, infinite stack of atoms, the layers contain an infinite number of sites. However, these sites can be grouped into "symmetry-equivalent sites", i.e. the application of symmetry operations of the crystal space group on a particular site of the asymmetric unit of the conventional lattice allows all other equivalent sites in the crystal to be found.
- ^ Since a cell is defined by the coordinates 0 ≤ x < 1, 0 ≤ y < 1, and 0 ≤ z < 1, the T-O'-T layer around the (x, y, z =1) coordinate plane is part of the neighboring cell in the crystal.
- ^ This mirror applied to a point with coordinates (x, y, z) creates its image by symmetry with coordinates (x+1/2, y+1/2, 1/2-z).
References
edit- ^ a b P. Černý, "Compositional variations in cookeite", Can. Mineral., vol. 10, no 4, December 1970, p. 636–647 (ISSN 0008-4476, read online).
- ^ G. J. Brush, "On cookeite and jefferisite", Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 41, 1866, p. 246-248 (ISSN 0002-9599).
- ^ Richard Scott Mitchell, John Reese Henley, Mineral names: what do they mean?, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1979, 229 p. (ISBN 0-442-24593-9, read online), p. 15.
- ^ John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh and Monte C. Nichols, The Handbook of Mineralogy: Silica, Silicates, vol. II, Mineral Data Publishing, 1995.
- ^ a b c Jolyon Ralph and Ida Chau, "Cookeite", in http://www.mindat.org (Retrieved July 20th, 2011).
- ^ a b The EUROMIN project, "Cookeite", in http://euromin.w3sites.net (Retrieved July 1st, 2011).
- ^ ICSD No. 9 368 ; V. A. Aleksandrova, V. A. Drits et al., "Structural features of dioctahedral one-packet chlorite", Soviet. Phys. Crystallogr., vol. 17, 1972, p. 456-461 (ISSN 0038-5638).
- ^ a b c ICSD No. 83 765; H. Zheng et S. W. Bailey, "Refinement of the cookeite 'r' structure", Am. Mineral., vol. 82, nos 9-10, september-october 1997, p. 1007-1013 (ISSN 0003-004X, read online).
- ^ a b Z. V. Vrublevskaja, I. S. Delitsin et al., "Cookeite with a perfect regular structure, formed by bauxite alteration", Am. Mineral., vol. 60, nos 11-12, november-december 1975, p. 1041-1046 (ISSN 0003-004X, read online).
- ^ a b B. E. Brown and S. W. Bailey, "Chlorite polytypism: I. Regular and semi-random one-layer structure", Am. Mineral., vol. 47, 7-8, july-august 1962, p. 819-850 (ISSN 0003-004X, read online).
- ^ ICSD No. 203 212; L. Desgranges, G. Calvarin et al., "Interlayer interactions in M(OH)2: a neutron diffraction study of Mg(OH)2", Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B, vol. 52, no 1, february 1996, p. 82-86 (ISSN 0108-7681, doi:10.1107/S0108768195008275)
- ^ ICSD No. 100 682; B. Perdikatsis and H. Burzlaff, "Strukturverfeinerung am Talk Mg3[(OH)2Si4O10]", Z. Kristall., vol. 156, 3-4, january 1981, p. 177-186 (ISSN 0044-2968, doi:10.1524/zkri.1981.156.3-4.177)
- ^ International Tables for Crystallography, vol. A: Space-group symmetry, Th. Hahn, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005 (repr.), 5th ed. (ISBN 978-0-470-68908-0)
- ^ "Cookeite Mineral Data", in Mineralogy Database (Retrieved July 20th, 2011).
- ^ (de) Kurt Walenta, Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes, Munich, Christian Weise Verlag, 1992, 336 p. (ISBN 978-3-921656-24-2).
- ^ J. Hyrsl and A. Petrov, "Famous Mineral Localities: Llallagua, Bolivia", Min. Rec., vol. 37, no 2, march-april 2006, p. 117-162 (ISSN 0026-4628, read online).
- ^ J. A. Mandarino, "Abstracts of New Mineral Descriptions (Department)", Min. Rec., vol. 32, no 5, september-october 2001, p. 413, 416-421 (ISSN 0026-4628, read online).
- ^ M. Jensen, "Mineralogy of the Yaogangxian Mine, Hunan Province, China", Mineral News, vol. 25, no 4, april 2009, p. 1-11, 14 (ISSN 0885-4327, read online).
- ^ Vandall T. King; Eugene E. Foord (1994). Mineralogy of Maine. Maine Geological Survey, Dept. of Conservation (Augusta)..
- ^ (fr) Didier Descouens, "La Cookéite: une chlorite rare, dans la Haute-Garonne", in Monde et minéraux, no. 54, 1983, p. 31, (ISSN 0153-9167)
- ^ (fr) N. Ranorosoa, Étude minéralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar, doctoral thesis from the Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, 1986.
- ^ J. Sejkora, P. Ondruš et al., "Supergene minerals at the Huber stock and Schnöd stock deposits, Krásno ore district, the Slavkovský les area, Czech Republic", J. Czech Geol. Soc., vol. 51, 1-2, 2006, p. 57-101 (ISSN 1210-8197, doi:10.3190/JCGS.989, read online).
- ^ S. K. Ren, R. A. Eggleton et al., "The formation of hydrothermal cookeite in the breccia pipes of the ardlethan tin field, New South Wales, Australia", Can. Mineral., vol. 26, june 1988, p. 407-412 (ISSN 0008-4476, read online).
- ^ B. Goffé, J. M. Azañon et al., "Metamorphic cookeite in Alpine metapelites from Rif, northern Morocco, and the Betic Chain, southern Spain", Eur. J. Mineral., vol. 8, no 2, april 1996, p. 335-348 (ISSN 0935-1221, read online).
- ^ M. P. Mata, D. R. Peacor et al., "Polytypism of cookeite in low-grade metapelites of the Cameros Basin, Spain: Lack of correlation of well-ordered polytypes with pressure", Am. Mineral., vol. 89, no 10, 2004, p. 1510-1515 (ISSN 0003-004X, read online).
Appendix
editBibliography
edit- Edward Salisbury Dana (1892) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana, 1837–1868, John Wiley & Sons, New York (NY), 6th ed., 1134 p., p. 625
- William Alexander Deer, R. A. Howie and J. Zussman, Rock-forming minerals, vol. 3 : Sheet silicates, John Wiley & Sons, 1963, p. 131-163.
- S. W. Bailey et J. S. Lister, "Structures, compositions, and X-ray diffraction identification of dioctahedral chlorites", Clays Clay Min., vol. 37, no 3, June 1989, p. 193-202 (ISSN 0009-8604, read online archive).