The antennal lobe is the primary (first order) olfactory brain area in insects. The antennal lobe is a sphere-shaped deutocerebral neuropil in the brain that receives input from the olfactory sensory neurons in the antennae and mouthparts. Functionally, it shares some similarities with the olfactory bulb in vertebrates.[1] The anatomy and physiology function of the insect brain can be studied by dissecting open the insect brain and imaging or carrying out in vivo electrophysiological recordings from it.
Structure
editIn insects, the olfactory pathway starts at the antennae (though in some insects like Drosophila there are olfactory sensory neurons in other parts of the body) from where the sensory neurons carry the information about the odorant molecules impinging on the antenna to the antennal lobe.[2] The antennal lobe is composed of densely packed neuropils, termed glomeruli, where the sensory neurons synapse with the two other kinds of neurons, the postsynaptic principle neurons (termed projection neurons) and local interneurons.[2] Each olfactory sensory neuron expresses a single odorant receptor type and targets the same glomeruli as other olfactory sensory neurons expressing that receptor type, such that each glomeruli houses all or the majority of sensory neurons of a given receptor type.[1][3][4] The number and identities of glomeruli are species specific; most species contain 40 to 160 individually identifiable glomeruli within the antennal lobe.[2] For instance, there are 32 glomeruli in mosquito,[2] 43 glomeruli in the fruit fly antennal lobe, and 203 glomeruli in cockroach.[5] The local neurons, which are primarily inhibitory, have their neurites restricted to the antennal lobe. Projection neurons, which generally receive information from a single glomerulus, project to higher brain centers such as the mushroom body and the lateral horn.[6][7][8] The interaction between the olfactory receptor neurons, local neurons and projection neurons reformats the information input from the sensory neurons into a spatio-temporal code before it is sent to higher brain centers.[9][10]
References
edit- ^ a b Scott, Kristin; Brady, Roscoe; Cravchik, Anibal; Morozov, Pavel; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Zuker, Charles; Axel, Richard (March 2001). "A Chemosensory Gene Family Encoding Candidate Gustatory and Olfactory Receptors in Drosophila". Cell. 104 (5): 661–673. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00263-X. PMID 11257221. S2CID 13677779.
- ^ a b c d B. S. Hansson & S. Anton (2000). "Function and morphology of the antennal lobe: new developments". Annual Review of Entomology. 45: 203–231. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.203. PMID 10761576. S2CID 11846340.
- ^ Leslie B. Vosshall, Allan M. Wong & Richard Axel (2000). "An olfactory sensory map in the fly brain". Cell. 102 (2): 147–159. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00021-0. PMID 10943836. S2CID 17573876.
- ^ Gregory S. X. E. Jefferis, Elizabeth C. Marin, Reinhard F. Stocker & Liqun Luo (2001). "Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila" (PDF). Nature. 414 (6860): 204–208. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..204J. doi:10.1038/35102574. PMID 11719930. S2CID 4431800.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Watanabe, Hidehiro; Nishino, Hiroshi; Mizunami, Makoto; Yokohari, Fumio (5 May 2017). "Two Parallel Olfactory Pathways for Processing General Odors in a Cockroach". Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 11: 32. doi:10.3389/fncir.2017.00032. PMC 5418552. PMID 28529476.
- ^ Mark Stopfer, Vivek Jayaraman & Gilles Laurent (2003). "Intensity versus identity coding in an olfactory system". Neuron. 39 (6): 991–1004. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2003.08.011. PMID 12971898. S2CID 12813651.
- ^ Gronenberg, W.; López-Riquelme, G.O. (February 2014). "Multisensory convergence in the mushroom bodies of ants and bees". Acta Biologica Hungarica. 55 (1–4): 31–37. doi:10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.5. PMID 15270216.
- ^ López-Riquelme, G.O. (June 2014). "Odotopic afferent representation of the glomerular antennal lobe organization in the mushroom bodies of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Comparisons between two species". TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas. 17 (1): 15–31. doi:10.1016/S1405-888X(14)70317-1.
- ^ Gilles Laurent (2002). "Olfactory network dynamics and the coding of multidimensional signals". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 3 (11): 884–895. doi:10.1038/nrn964. PMID 12415296. S2CID 17379080.
- ^ Mark Stopfer & Gilles Laurent (1999). "Short-term memory in olfactory network dynamics". Nature. 402 (6762): 664–668. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..664S. doi:10.1038/45244. PMID 10604472. S2CID 4366918.
Further reading
edit- Linda Buck & Richard Axel (1991). "A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition". Cell. 65 (1): 175–183. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90418-X. PMID 1840504. S2CID 6548928.
- Andreas Keller & Leslie B. Vosshall (2004). "A psychophysical test of the vibration theory of olfaction". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (4): 337–338. doi:10.1038/nn1215. PMID 15034588. S2CID 1073550.
- Luca Turin (1996). "A spectroscopic mechanism for primary olfactory reception". Chemical Senses. 21 (6): 773–791. doi:10.1093/chemse/21.6.773. PMID 8985605.
- López-Riquelme, Germán Octavio (2008). Hormigas como sistemas modelo para el comportamiento complejo. Bases neurobiológicas de la comunicación química y la división del trabajo en las hormigas (Ph.D.). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3145.1689.
- Luca Turin (2002). "A method for the calculation of odor character from molecular structure". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 216 (3): 367–385. Bibcode:2002JThBi.216..367T. doi:10.1006/jtbi.2001.2504. PMID 12183125.
- Chandler Burr (2003). The Emperor of Scent: A Story of Perfume, Obsession, and the Last Mystery of the Senses. Random House. ISBN 0-375-50797-3.
Reviews of antennal lobe anatomy
edit- U. Homberg, T. A. Christensen & J. G. Hildebrand (1989). "Structure and function of the deutocerebrum in insects". Annual Review of Entomology. 34: 477–501. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002401. PMID 2648971.
- C. Giovanni Galizia & Wolfgang Rössler (2010). "Parallel olfactory systems in insects: anatomy and function". Annual Review of Entomology. 55: 399–420. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085442. PMID 19737085.