Wikipedia

Aix-Marseille University

Aix-Marseille University (AMU; French: Aix-Marseille Université; formally incorporated as Université d'Aix-Marseille)[4] is a public research university located in the Provence region of southern France. It was founded in 1409 when Louis II of Anjou, Count of Provence, petitioned the Pisan Antipope Alexander V to establish the University of Provence,[5] making it the fourth-oldest university in France. The institution came into its current form following a reunification of the University of Provence, the University of the Mediterranean and Paul Cézanne University.[6][7][8] The reunification became effective on 1 January 2012, resulting in the creation of the largest university in the Francophone world, with about 80,000 students.[9] AMU has the largest budget of any academic institution in the French-speaking world standing at €750 million.[10] It is consistently ranked among the top 200 universities in the world[11][12][13] and is ranked within the top 5 universities in France according to ARWU, CWTS and USNWR.[14][15][16]

Aix-Marseille University
Aix-Marseille Université
TypePublic research university
Established1409 – University of Provence[1]
1896 – University of Aix-Marseille
1968 – University of Provence Aix-Marseille I
1968 – University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II
1973 – Paul Cézanne University Aix-Marseille III
2012 – Aix-Marseille University
Budget€750 million[2]
PresidentEric Berton
Academic staff
4,273
Administrative staff
4,107
Students80,000[3]
2,448
Location
Aix-en-Provence and Marseille
,
Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France

43°17′36.68″N 5°21′28.5″E / 43.2935222°N 5.357917°E / 43.2935222; 5.357917
AffiliationsMediterranean Universities Union (UNIMED), Association of MBAs (AMBA), European University Association (EUA), European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS)
Websitewww.univ-amu.fr

The university is organized around five main campuses situated in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille.[17] Apart from its major campuses, AMU owns and operates facilities in Arles, Aubagne, Avignon, Digne-les-Bains, Gap, La Ciotat, Lambesc and Salon-de-Provence. The university is headquartered in the 7th arrondissement of Marseille.[18]

AMU has produced many notable alumni in the fields of law, politics, business, science, academia, and the arts. To date, there have been five Nobel Prize laureates amongst its alumni and faculty,[19][20][21][22][23] as well as a two-time recipient of the Pulitzer Prize,[24] four César Award winners,[25][26][27][28] multiple heads of state or government, parliamentary speakers, government ministers, ambassadors and members of the constituent academies of the Institut de France.

AMU has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including close collaboration with the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and Electricity of France (EDF).[29][30] AMU is a member of numerous academic organisations including the European University Association (EUA)[31] and the Mediterranean Universities Union (UNIMED).[32]

History

edit

Early history (1409–1800)

edit
 
Louis II of Anjou, Count of Provence, the university's founder, as painted by Barthélemy d'Eyck and now on display at the National Library of France

The institution developed out of the original University of Provence, founded on 9 December 1409 as a studium generale by Louis II of Anjou, Count of Provence, and recognized by papal bull issued by the Pisan Antipope Alexander V.[33][34][35] However, there is evidence that teaching in Aix existed in some form from the beginning of the 12th century, since there were a doctor of theology in 1100, a doctor of law in 1200 and a professor of law in 1320 on the books.[36][37] The decision to establish the university was, in part, a response to the already-thriving University of Paris.[38] As a result, in order to be sure of the viability of the new institution, Louis II compelled his Provençal students to study in Aix only.[39] Thus, the letters patent for the university were granted, and the government of the university was created. The Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence, Thomas de Pupio, was appointed as the first chancellor of the university for the rest of his life. After his death in 1420, a new chancellor was elected by the rector, masters, and licentiates – an uncommon arrangement not repeated at any other French university. The rector was to be an "ordinary student", who had unrestricted civil and criminal jurisdiction in all cases where one party was a doctor or scholar of the university. Those displeased with the rector's decisions could appeal to a doctor legens. Eleven consiliarii provided assistance to the rector, being elected yearly by their predecessors. These individuals represented all faculties, but were elected from among the students. The constitution was of a student-university, and the instructors did not have great authority except in granting degrees.[40] A resident doctor or student who married was required to pay charivari to the university, the amount varying with the degree or status of the man, and being increased if the bride was a widow. Refusal to submit to this statutable extortion was punished by the assemblage of students at the summons of the rector with frying-pans, bassoons, and horns at the house of the newly married couple. Continued recusancy was followed by the piling up of dirt in front of their door upon every Feast-day. These injunctions were justified on the ground that the money extorted was devoted to divine service.[41]

In 1486 Provence passed to the French crown.[42][43] The university's continued existence was approved by Louis XII of France, and Aix-en-Provence continued to be a significant provincial centre. It was, for instance, the seat of the Parlement of Aix-en-Provence from 1501 to 1789,[44][45] no doubt aided by the presence of the law school.[40]

In 1603 Henry IV of France established the Collège Royal de Bourbon in Aix-en-Provence for the study of belles-lettres and philosophy,[46][47] supplementing the traditional faculties of the university, but not formally a part of it. This college de plain exercice became a significant seat of learning, under the control of the Jesuit order. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the college frequently served as a preparatory, but unaffiliated, school for the university. Only the university was entitled to award degrees in the theology, law, and medicine; but candidates for degrees had first to pass an examination in philosophy, which was only provided by the college. Universities basically accepted candidates who had studied in colleges formally affiliated with them, which in reality required both college and university to be situated in the same city. In 1762 the Jesuits were forced to leave France,[48] and in 1763 the Collège Royal de Bourbon was officially affiliated with the university as a faculty of arts.[40][49]

 
Émile Zola, attended the Collège Royal de Bourbon, which used to be part of the university, from 1852 to 1858

The addition of the Collège Royal de Bourbon essentially widened the scope of courses provided at the University of Provence. Formal instruction in French was initially provided at the college, with texts and a structured course of study. Physics later became a part of the curriculum at the college as a part of the philosophy course in the 18th century. Equipment for carrying out experiments was obtained and the first course in experimental physics was provided at Aix-en-Provence in 1741. Classical mechanics, however, was only taught after 1755, when the physicist Paulian offered his first class and Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica and commentaries were obtained for the library.[40] It should also be noted that much later, in 1852, Paul Cézanne entered the college where he met and befriended Émile Zola. This friendship was decisive for both men so they had successful careers – Cézanne as a painter and Zola as a writer.[50][51]

The French Revolution, with its focus on the individual and an end to inherited privilege, saw the suppression of the universities. To the revolutionaries, universities embodied bastions of corporatism and established interests. Moreover, lands owned by the universities and utilized for their support, represented a source of wealth to be tapped by the revolutionary government, just as property possessed by the Catholic Church had been confiscated. In 1792, the University of Provence, along with twenty-one other universities, was dissolved.[52] Specialized ecoles, with rigorous entrance examinations and open to anyone with talent, were eventually created in order to offer professional training in specialized areas. Nonetheless, the government found it necessary to allow the faculties of law and medicine to continue in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille in the early 19th century.[40][53]

Modern era (1800–1968)

edit
 
Hippolyte Fortoul, former Minister of National Education of France, who served as the first Dean of the Faculty of French Literature

During the 19th century, additional faculties were opened in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille to serve the changing needs of French society. For instance, Hippolyte Fortoul, later Minister of National Education and Public Worship of France, was the first dean and professor of a new faculty in French literature established in Aix-en-Provence in the 1840s.[54][55] In 1896, the departmental council of the Bouches-du-Rhône founded a chair in the faculty of letters at Aix-en-Provence in the language and literature of southern Europe; their aim was to assist the commercial exploitation of the region by French business. A new science faculty was created in Marseille to support the growing industrialization of the region. At about the same time, a special training program was created in the faculty of medicine in order to train doctors in colonial medicine for France's expanding colonial empire.[40]

The most significant development for the university in the 19th century, nevertheless, was the recreation of French universities in 1896.[56] The various faculties in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille were grouped into the new University of Aix-Marseille.[57]

Through two world wars and a depression, the University of Aix-Marseille continued to develop. Increasing numbers of women and foreign students joined the student body, and an overwhelming majority of students majored in the science, medicine, and law. Individual faculties were almost autonomous from university administration and the Ministry of Education frequently intervened directly among the faculties.[40]

Recent history (1968–present)

edit
 
Former seat of the University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II that currently houses the university's headquarters

Following riots among university students in May 1968,[58] a reform of French education occurred. The Orientation Act (Loi d'Orientation de l'Enseignement Superieur) of 1968 divided the old faculties into smaller subject departments, decreased the power of the Ministry of Education, and created smaller universities, with strengthened administrations.[59] Subsequently, the University of Aix-Marseille was divided into two institutions. Each university had different areas of concentration of study and the faculties were divided as follows:

In 1973, conservative faculty members led by Charles Debbasch, demanded and obtained the creation of the University of Aix-Marseille III, grouping law, political science, applied economics, earth science, ecology and technological studies.

Nearly 40 years later, in June 2007, the three universities of Aix-Marseille expressed their intention to reunite in order to form one university. The reunification was gradually prepared, respecting a schedule which allowed for long discussions at each stage, after which it was approved by vote of the Board of Directors of each university. Thus, Aix-Marseille University was re-established by decree No. 2011–1010 of 24 August 2011 and officially opened its doors on 1 January 2012.[61]

Organization

edit
 
Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe, a monument historique built in 1650, houses the Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance

Aix-Marseille University is organized into five sectors:

  • Law and Political Science
    • Faculty of Law and Political Science
    • Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance
  • Economics and Management
  • Arts, Literature, Languages and Human Sciences
    • Faculty of Arts, Literature, Languages and Human Sciences
    • Training Centre for Musicians
    • Mediterranean House of Human Sciences
    • Faculty of Medical and Paramedical Sciences
    • Faculty of Dentistry
    • Faculty of Pharmacy
  • Sciences and Technology

In addition, the University Institute of Technology and Institute of Teaching and Education are part of the university.[62]

Governance

edit
 
The headquarters for AMU is based in the 7th arrondissement of Marseille
 
A view of the headquarters of the university from Fort Saint-Jean

AMU is governed by the President, the Vice Presidents, the General Director of Services and Deputy Directors General of Services and the Accounting Officer. They meet on a weekly basis to discuss the main affairs of the university and to devise the strategic orientations which will be examined by the university councils. A second meeting with all the deans and directors takes place immediately afterwards to discuss more specific issues regarding internal activities of the various faculties and schools.[63] The Administrative Council comprises 30 members: academics, teaching staff, administrative and technical personnel, students and external members. Its role is to determine the university general policy.[64] The Academic Council[65] consists of two bodies: The Research Committee, composed of 40 members, drafts policy proposals for research, scientific and technical documentation, and the allocation of research funding.[66] The Education and Student Life Committee, composed of 40 members, drafts policy proposals on the curriculum, on requests for authorization and projects for new programs, and on the assessment of programs and teaching.[67]

If the President of the university is the most important actor in defining the mission and the strategies of the university, he also has the necessary power to impulse or to sustain the projects that relate to these strategies. Before implementing these projects, they have to be accepted by the university council and if necessary they have to be included in the planning processes. There are two main planning processes in the definition of projects in the university that have to be followed in order to be financed or even authorised and accredited by the public (national and local) authorities. The first process takes place every six years and involves the central government, the region as well as the university. It is devoted to major investment projects, for instance building a new school, a new campus, a new library, etc. It is a catalogue of projects and for each of them it defines the financial burden accepted by each partner in the contract. The second process covers four years and has to be approved by the French Ministry of Education. In this process, the university sets its objectives at the pedagogical and research levels (new degrees, research projects). This planning process is very important because the university is free to define its own strategy, to be approved by the decision makers. Each process generates an important brainstorming period at all levels of the university in order to identify and build new ideas, new needs, and opportunities, to prioritise them, after an analysis of strengths and weaknesses. Other choices can be made after each process is closed, but they are more difficult to implement because other sources of funding and other ways of authorisation must be found.[68]

Academic profile

edit
 
Hôtel Maynier d'Oppède, a monument historique built in 1757, former home of the IEFEE

Aix-Marseille University enrolls about 80,000 students, including more than 10,000 international students from 128 different countries. The university, with its wide range of general and vocational courses including 600 degree courses, offers teaching in fields as varied as the Arts, Social Sciences, Health, Sport and Economics, Law and Political Sciences, Applied Economics and Management, and Exact Sciences such as Mathematics, Data-processing, Physical Sciences, Astrophysical Sciences, Chemistry and Biology.[69] Its 132 recognized research units and 21 faculties make it a centre of international excellence in social and natural sciences.[70] With more than 500 international agreements, the university participates in the creation of European area of education and research and in the development of mobility. A policy in the direction of Asian countries has led to increase its enrollments of excellent international students.[71] Programmes in French and/or English have been organized in order to favour the welcome and the integration of international students, in particular thanks to the presence within the university of the University Service of French as a Foreign Language (SUFLE). Its predecessor, the Institute of French Studies for Foreign Students (Institut d'Etudes Françaises Pour Etudiants Etrangers (IEFEE)) was founded in 1953 and was regarded as one of the best French-language teaching centres in the country.[72][73] About a thousand students from 65 countries attend the SUFLE throughout the academic year. It is also a notable centre for teachers of French as a foreign language, and its function is to provide training and perfecting of linguistic abilities in French as a scientific and cultural means of communication. According to Harvard University's website, the university is "one of the most distinguished in France, second only to the University of Paris in the areas of French literature, history, and linguistics".[74][75][76]

The university's library system comprises 59 libraries, with 662,000 volumes, 20,000 online periodical titles, and thousands of digital resources, making it one of the largest and most diverse academic library systems in France. The overall area occupied by the libraries is equal to 37,056 m2, including 19,703 m2 public access space. The libraries offer 49.2 kilometers of open-stacks shelving and 4,219 seats for student study. In addition, there are 487 computer workstations, which are available to the public for research purposes.[77]

Political Science

edit
 
Sciences Po Aix is housed in the Palais de l'université, a monument historique built in 1734, designed by Georges Vallon
 
The main entrance of Sciences Po Aix

The university's Institute of Political Studies (Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence), also known as Sciences Po Aix, was established in 1956.[78] Sciences Po Aix is a separate and fully independent legal entity within the university. It is one of a network of 10 world-famous IEPs (Instituts d'Etudes Politiques) in France, including those in Bordeaux, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Paris, Rennes, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Strasbourg and Toulouse.[79][80] Sciences Po Aix is a grande école in political science and its primary aim is to train senior executives for the public, semi-public, and private sectors.[81][82] Although the institute offers a multitude of disciplines, its main focus is on politics, including related subjects such as history, law, economics, languages, international relations, and media studies. Its admissions process is among the toughest and most selective in the country. Sciences Po Aix has numerous exchange programs through partnerships with about 120 different universities in the world: the school therefore welcomes 200 foreign students a year. On top of these academic exchanges, students have the opportunity to do internships abroad in large international firms.[83]

Many of the institute's graduates have gone on to high positions within both the French government and in foreign governments. Among the best-known people who studied at Sciences Po Aix are the current President of the European Central Bank (ECB), Christine Lagarde,[84][85] former High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission, Federica Mogherini,[86] the 5th President of Sri Lanka, Chandrika Kumaratunga,[87][88] former Minister of Justice of France, Élisabeth Guigou,[89] former Presidents of the National Assembly of France, Philippe Séguin[90] and Patrick Ollier.[91]

Law

edit
 
Faculty of Law and Political Science, built in 1953, designed by Fernand Pouillon
 
Paul Cézanne, for whom the University of Aix-Marseille III was named, attended the law school from 1858 to 1861

The law school at AMU dates back to the university's foundation in 1409.[92] The school had far-reaching influence, since written law, which in France originated in Aix-en-Provence, spread from there, eventually replacing the common law practiced throughout the rest of northern Gaul.[93] The law school has a long tradition of self-management, with a strongly institutionalized culture and practices enrooted in the social and economic realities of the region.[94] Today, it is one of the largest law schools in France, and is considered to be one of the nation's leading centres for legal research and teaching. The school is unique among French law schools for the breadth of courses offered and the extent of research undertaken in a wide range of fields.[95] For 2023, the law school is ranked 3rd in France for its undergraduate studies by Eduniversal,[96] and 4th in the country according to THE and QS rankings.[97][98] According to the University of Connecticut's website, "other than the Sorbonne, Aix has attracted the most prestigious law faculty in France".[99] The teaching faculty comprises 155 professors and 172 adjunct lecturers, the latter drawn from private practice, the civil service, the judiciary and other organizations. Much of the legal research at the university is done under the auspices of its many research institutes – there is one in almost every field of law. Research activity is buttressed by a network of libraries, which holds an impressive collection of monographs and periodicals, including an important collection of 16th-century manuscripts. Moreover, the libraries have several specialized rooms dedicated to specific fields of law, in particular in International and European Law and Legal Theory.[95]

The school has produced a large number of luminaries in law and politics including the 2nd President of France, Adolphe Thiers,[100] former Prime Minister of France, Édouard Balladur,[101] former President of the National Assembly of France, Félix Gouin,[102] and former Minister of Justice of France, Adolphe Crémieux.[103] The school has also educated two Nobel laureates: René Cassin, winner of the 1968 Nobel Peace Prize,[104] and Frédéric Mistral, winner of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature.[105] Alumni also include the 3rd President of Lebanon, Émile Eddé,[106][107] former Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Vasil Kolarov,[108] former Prime Minister of Angola, Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem,[109] and former Prime Minister of Cambodia, Norodom Ranariddh.[110] In addition, from 1858 to 1861, a prominent French artist and Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne attended the school, while also receiving drawing lessons.[111][112]

Business and Management Studies

edit

The Aix-Marseille Graduate School of Management, commonly known as IAE Aix-en-Provence, was the first Graduate School of Management in the French public university system.[113][114] According to The Independent, IAE Aix is "a prestigious, double-accredited institution, with an international approach to business combining both classic and innovative teaching methods".[115] It is the only French public university entity to receive dual international accreditation: the European standard of excellence EQUIS in 1999, and the AMBA accreditation in 2004 for its MBA Change & Innovation, in 2005 for its master's programmes and in 2007 for its Executive Part-time MBA.[116] The school is composed of 40 permanent faculty members, and invites more than 30 international professors and 150 business speakers each year to conduct lectures and courses within the various programmes.[117] IAE Aix offers graduate level programmes in general management, international management, internal audit of organisations, service management, internal and external communications management, management and information technologies, international financial management and applied marketing. In 2011, the M.Sc. in General Management was ranked 2nd in France along with the M.Sc. in Services Management and Marketing being ranked 3rd and the M.Sc. in Audit and Corporate Governance also being ranked 3rd in the country by SMBG.[118]

In 1990, IAE Aix and ESSEC Business School (École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales) signed an agreement to unite and offer a joint Doctorate Programme, allowing ESSEC professors to teach in the Research Oriented Master programme in Aix-en-Provence. Furthermore, after Research Oriented Master graduation, students can attend the ESSEC Doctorate seminars and have an ESSEC Research Advisor (Directeur de Recherche). In the same way, ESSEC students can enroll in the IAE Aix's Research Oriented Master and Doctorate programmes. In both cases, the members of the thesis juries come from both IAE Aix and ESSEC. The Doctorate title is awarded by Aix-Marseille University.[119][120][121]

Economics

edit

Aix-Marseille School of Economics (AMSE) is a gathering of three big laboratories in economics, part of AMU: GREQAM (Groupement de Recherche en Economie Quantitative d'Aix Marseille), SESSTIM (Sciences Économiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale), and IDEP (Institut D’Economie Publique).[122] GREQAM is a research center which specializes in all areas of economics, with strong concentrations in macroeconomics, econometrics, game theory, economic philosophy and public economics. It counts two Fellows of the Econometric Society among its members, and is consistently ranked as one of the top 5 research centers in economics in France.[123] SESSTIM consists of three teams in social and economic sciences, as well as social epidemiology, focusing on applications in the following fields: cancer, infectious and transmissible diseases, and aging.[124] IDEP aims at federating competences in the field of Public Economics broadly defined as the part of economics that studies the causes and the consequences of public intervention in the economic sphere.[125]

AMSE has a triple aim in terms of research development about "Globalization and public action", education regarding Master and PhD degrees and valorization toward local authorities, administrations and corporations, and of information aiming at all public. The AMSE Master is a two-year Master programme in Economics jointly organized with the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and Centrale Méditerranée. It aims to provide high-level courses and training in the main fields of specialization of AMSE: Development Economics, Econometrics, Public Economics, Environmental Economics, Finance/Insurance, Macroeconomics, Economic Philosophy, and Health Economics.[126] The doctoral programme of AMSE brings together more than seventy PhD students. Ten to fifteen new PhD students join the programme each year. These PhD students cover all the research topics available at AMSE. The PhD programme is a member of the European Doctoral Group in Economics (EDGE) with the University of Cambridge, the University of Copenhagen, University College Dublin, Bocconi University, and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.[127][128]

Medicine

edit
 
Palais du Pharo, built in 1858, former home of the Faculty of Medicine

The Faculty of Medicine at AMU can trace its origins to a college of medicine established in 1645 and recognized by a decree issued by the Council of State of France in 1683. During the revolution, although a faculty of medicine was created in Montpellier, Marseille was left aside, probably because of its close proximity. In 1818, École Secondaire de Médecine et de Pharmacie opened in Marseille and this later became an École de Plein Exercice in 1841. Consequently, it was not until 1930 that a faculty of medicine was formally organised in Marseille.[129][130] However, the town's geographical position meant that it was able to exert a strong influence upon the Mediterranean. The most significant example of this was Antoine Clot, known as Clot Bey, who with the help of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, founded a school of medicine in Cairo in 1827. This enabled Egyptian students to travel to France and encouraged exchanges between western and eastern medicine. In Marseille, medical practices adapted to tropical diseases developed under the influence of the military department of medicine. Physiology at the faculty dates back to Charles-Marie Livon, who was named professeur suppléant (deputy professor) and then professeur agrégé (associate professor) of anatomy and physiology having presented his thesis in Paris. He conducted research on hypophysis and pneumogastric physiology, which earned him the Monthyon Prize at the French Academy of Sciences. Following his work with Louis Pasteur, he opened an anti-rabies clinic and became Mayor of Marseille in 1895. The first dean of the faculty was Leon Imbert, who arrived in Marseille in 1904 as a former interne des hôpitaux and professeur agrégé at the Montpellier faculty. Originally a surgeon, he established one of the first centers for maxillofacial prosthetics for the gueules cassées (broken faces) of the Great War. An anti-cancer center was developed by Lucien Cornill, who was originally from Vichy and studied in Paris. During the First World War, he worked at the neurological center in the 7th Military region of Besançon under the supervision of Gustave Roussy. After the war, he became a professeur agrégé of pathological anatomy. He became dean of the faculty in 1937 and held this position until 1952. His main work related to clinical neurology and medullary pathology.[131]

The Faculty of Pharmacy started its independent activity after being separated from the faculty in 1970. Subsequently, the Faculty of Dentistry also became independent from the Faculty of Medicine. Thus, these three faculties form the Division of Health of the university.[132]

Earth Sciences and Astronomy

edit
 
The old Marseille Observatory can be found inside the Palais Longchamp facilities
 
Drawing of the 80 cm telescope by Léon Foucault, Observatoire de Marseille, 1873

The university's Astronomy Observatory of Marseille-Provence (OAMP) is one of the French National Observatories under the auspices of the National Institute of Astronomy (INSU) of the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), with a large financial participation by the National Centre for Space Studies (CNES). Basic research at the OAMP is organized around three priority themes: cosmology and research on dark matter and dark energy, galaxy formation and evolution, stellar and planetary system formation and exploration of the solar system. The OAMP also contributes to the area of environmental sciences and especially the study of the climatic system. The OAMP is very active in technological research and development, mainly in optics and opto-mechanics, for the development of the main observational instruments that will be deployed on the ground and in space in the coming decades. For many years OAMP research teams have had close ties with the French and European space and optical industry. The OAMP takes part in university education in astrophysics, physics and mathematics, as well as in instrumentation and signal processing from the first year of university to the doctorate level. These programs lead to openings in the fields of research and high-tech industry. The OAMP organizes many astronomy outreach activities in order to share important discoveries with the public. The OAMP consists of two establishments: the Laboratory of Astrophysics of Marseille (LAM) and the Haute-Provence Observatory (OHP), along with the Département Gassendi, which is a common administrative and technical support unit. With over 50 researchers, 160 engineers, technical and administrative personnel, plus some 20 graduate students and post-docs, the OAMP is one of the most important research institutes in the region.[133][134]

Engineering

edit

Polytech Marseille is a Grande École d'Ingénieurs (Graduate School of Science and Engineering), part of AMU. The School offers 8 specialist courses in New Technologies which lead to an engineering degree after 5 years of studies. Polytech Marseille is also a member of the Polytech Group which comprises 13 engineering schools of French leading universities.[135] Polytech Marseille's advanced level courses have a strong professional focus. They include compulsory work placements in a professional organisation. These programs also benefit from a top rank scientific environment, with teaching staff drawn from laboratories attached to major French research organisations that are among the leaders in their field. Students are recruited on the basis of a selective admissions process which goes via one of two nationwide competitive admissions examinations (concours): either after the baccalauréat (national secondary school graduation examination) for admission to a five-year course or after two years of higher education for admission to a three-year course. The courses are approved by the Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur (CTI), the French authority that authorizes recognised engineering schools to deliver the Diplôme d'Ingénieur (a state-recognised title, recognised equivalent to a "Master in Engineering" by AACRAO)[136] and thus guarantees the quality of the courses. The courses are also accredited by EUR-ACE.[137]

Rankings and reputation

edit
University rankings
Rankings World Europe National
ARWU[11] =101 =33 =5
CWTS[138] 209 52 5
QS[139] =481 164 14
THE[140] =401 =187 =11
USNWR[141] =199 =72 5

In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), AMU is ranked joint 101st–150th in the world.[142] In the subject tables it is ranked joint 76th–100th in the world for Natural Sciences and Mathematics,[143] joint 151st–200th in the world for Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences,[144] joint 101st–150th in the world for Life and Agricultural Sciences,[145] joint 151st–200th in the world for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy,[146] 25th in the world for Mathematics,[147] and joint 101st–150th in the world for Physics.[148]

In the 2018 Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THE), AMU is ranked joint 251st–300th in the world.[149] In the subject tables it is ranked joint 151st–175th in the world for Arts and Humanities.[150]

In the 2015/16 QS World University Rankings (QS), AMU is ranked joint 361st in the world.[151] In the subject tables it is ranked joint 151st–200th in the world for Accounting and Finance,[152] joint 101st–150th in the world for Earth and Marine Sciences,[153] joint 101st–150th in the world for Environmental Studies,[154] joint 101st–150th in the world for History and Archaeology,[155] joint 151st–200th in the world for Law and Legal Studies,[156] joint 151st–200th in the world for Medicine,[157] and joint 151st–200th in the world for Psychology.[158]

In the 2016 U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking, AMU is ranked joint 175th in the world.[159] In the subject tables it is ranked joint 74th in the world for Biology and Biochemistry,[160] joint 166th in the world for Chemistry,[161] joint 149th in the world for Clinical Medicine,[162] joint 90th in the world for Geosciences,[163] joint 50th in the world for Immunology,[164] joint 35th in the world for Microbiology,[165] 98th in the world for Neuroscience and Behavior,[166] joint 95th in the world for Physics,[167] 82nd in the world for Plant and Animal Science,[168] joint 134th in the world for Psychiatry/Psychology,[169] and 34th in the world for Space Science.[170]

In the 2016 CWTS Leiden Ranking, AMU is ranked 137th in the world.[171]

In the 2015/16 University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP), AMU is ranked 77th in the world.[172]

In the 2016 Center for World University Rankings (CWUR), AMU is ranked 151st in the world.[173]

In the 2019 Reuters - The World's Most Innovative Universities ranking, AMU is ranked 96th in the world.[174]

University presses

edit

Aix-Marseille University is affiliated with two university presses: Presses Universitaires de Provence (PUP) and Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille (PUAM); the former is dedicated to the publication of works in the humanities and hard sciences, whereas the latter is devoted to the publication of legal works.[175]

Notable alumni

edit
Main article: List of alumni of Aix-Marseille University

AMU has produced many alumni that have distinguished themselves in their respective fields. Notable AMU alumni include four Nobel Prize laureates, a two-time recipient of the Pulitzer Prize, four César Award winners, four Olympic medalists and numerous members of the component academies of the Institut de France. AMU has a large number of alumni who have been active in politics, including multiple heads of state or government, parliamentary speakers, government ministers, at least a hundred members of the National Assembly of France, twenty-six members of the Senate of France and eleven members of the European Parliament (EP).

Notable faculty and staff

edit

Nobel laureates

edit
 
Sheldon Glashow, winner of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics

Politics and government

edit

Foreign politicians

edit
 
Renato Balduzzi, Minister of Health of Italy from 2011 to 2013

French politicians

edit
 
Joseph Jérôme Siméon, President of the National Assembly of France from Aug to Sep 1797 and Minister of the Interior of France from 1820 to 1821

Members of the National Assembly of France

edit
  • René Brunet – Deputy: 1928–1942
  • Joseph Comiti – Deputy: 1968–1981
  • Paul de Fougères de Villandry – Deputy: 1837–1839
  • Jean-Pierre Giran – Deputy: 1997–2002/2002–2007/2007–2012/2012–2017
  • François-Michel Lambert – Deputy: 2012–2022
  • Rémy Montagne – Deputy: 1958–1968/1973–1980
  • Ambroise Mottet – Deputy: 1835–1842/1844–1848
  • Paul Patriarche – Deputy: 1997–2002
  • Camille Perreau – Deputy: 1898–1902
  • Philippe Sanmarco – Deputy: 1981–1993
  • Henri-Emmanuel Poulle – Deputy: 1831–1834/1834–1837/1837–1839/1839–1842/1842–1846/1846–1848
  • Dominique Taddéi – Deputy: 1978–1981/1981–1986
  • Maurice Toga – Deputy: 1986–1988

Members of the Senate of France

edit
  • Alain Delcamp – Secretary-General: 2007–2013
  • Brigitte Devésa – Senator: 2021–present
  • Claude Domeizel – Senator: 1998–2014
  • Michèle Einaudi – Senator: Aug–Sep 2020
  • Hélène Masson-Maret – Senator: 2013–2014

Diplomatic service

edit
 
Jeane Kirkpatrick, United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 1981 to 1985
edit
 
Harry Blackmun, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 to 1994
 
Antonin Scalia, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 to 2016

Arts, literature, humanities, and entertainment

edit

Historians

edit

Journalism

edit

Literature

edit
 
Paule Constant, winner of the 1998 Prix Goncourt

Music

edit

Scientists

edit

Social Science

edit
 
Sir Anthony Barnes Atkinson, Fellow of the British Academy
 
David E. Bloom, Chair of Harvard University's Department of Global Health and Population
 
Charles Fabry, French physicist, co-discoverer of the ozone layer

Medical science

edit

Physical science

edit

Business and economics

edit
 
Richard Lyons, 12th and current Chancellor of University of California, Berkeley

Mathematics

edit

Miscellaneous

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 1248
  2. ^ "University – AMU". www.univ-amu.fr. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  3. ^ "Presentation of the university | Aix-Marseille Université". www.univ-amu.fr.
  4. ^ Décret n° 2011–1010 du 24 août 2011 portant création de l'université d'Aix-Marseille (in French), retrieved 1 July 2016
  5. ^ C. D. O'Malley, The History of Medical Education: UCLA Forum in Medical Sciences, University of California Press, 1970, p. 125
  6. ^ "Aix-Marseille Université — moveonnet". www.moveonnet.eu. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  7. ^ "University of Provence". Archived from the original on 13 March 2013.
  8. ^ "ACA Secretariat: Details". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  9. ^ "Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) – UnILiON".
  10. ^ "L'ensemble des bons points du ministre pour Aix-Marseille Université – La Provence".
  11. ^ a b "2024 Academic Ranking of World Universities". www.shanghairanking.com.
  12. ^ 2024-2025 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking
  13. ^ CWTS Leiden Ranking 2023
  14. ^ Top Universities in France - 2024 Academic Ranking of World Universities
  15. ^ CWTS Leiden Ranking 2024
  16. ^ Best Global Universities in France - 2024-2025 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking
  17. ^ "Réunion interministérielle sur Marseille: cinq propositions pour les étudiants". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  18. ^ "Aix-Marseilles Université – WHED – IAU's World Higher Education Database". whed.net.
  19. ^ "Frederic Mistral – Biography". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  20. ^ "René Cassin – Facts". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  21. ^ "Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio – Bio-bibliography". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  22. ^ "Sheldon Glashow – Biographical". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  23. ^ Pierre Agostini – Biography
  24. ^ "Jim Hoagland". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  25. ^ Canal+. "- Films CANALPLUS.FR". Canalplus.fr. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  26. ^ "Treading the red carpet with Ariane Ascaride". 22 June 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  27. ^ "Jean-Louis Trintignant". IMDb. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  28. ^ Canal+. "Philippe Faucon". Canalplus.fr.
  29. ^ "Partners". Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  30. ^ "Our Partners" - Aix-Marseille University
  31. ^ "EUA". Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  32. ^ Mediterranean Universities Union (UNIMED)
  33. ^ "Universities of Aix-Marseille I, II, and III". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  34. ^ "9 décembre 1409: il était une fois l'université à Aix". Laprovence.com. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  35. ^ 1409–2009 "Une Université, une ville, une histoire"
  36. ^ "Some high points in medical history of Provence. – Ackerknecht – Canadian Bulletin of Medical History / Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la médecine". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  37. ^ For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the University of Aix from its creation until 1793, see David de la Croix and Alice Fabre,(2021). Scholars and Literati at the University of Aix (1409-1793).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 4:35–44.
  38. ^ Darwin Porter, Frommer's Provence & the Riviera, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2010, p. 20
  39. ^ Walter Rüegg, Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, A History of the University in Europe, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 105
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Carol Summerfield, Mary Elizabeth Devine, International Dictionary of University Histories, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998, p. 418
  41. ^ Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Volume 2 – Part 2, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 648
  42. ^ "Aix-en-Provence". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  43. ^ M. Malte-Brun, A system of universal geography, or a description of all the parts of the world, on a new plan, according to the great natural divisions of the globe, Boston, 1834, Vol. III, p. 1022
  44. ^ "The Encyclopedia Americana", Volume 1, Grolier Incorporated, 2001, p. 432
  45. ^ Martin Garrett, "Provence: A Cultural History", Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 103
  46. ^ William Darrach Halsey, Emanuel Friedman, "Collier's Encyclopedia", Macmillan Educational Co., 1983, p. 412
  47. ^ a b Pascal AVALLE. "Une Ville, une Université une histoire". Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  48. ^ All Of Us. ".: The Jesuit Singapore Website :". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  49. ^ Walter Rüegg, Hilde De Ridder-Symoens, A History of the University in Europe, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 87
  50. ^ In the Footsteps of Paul Cézanne - France Today
  51. ^ Paul Cézanne - Lefevre Fine Art
  52. ^ Thomas Neville Bonner, Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 1750–1945, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000, p. 94
  53. ^ "Studium: Tijdschrift voor Wetenschaps- en Universiteits-geschiedenis – Revue d'Histoire des Sciences et des Universités". Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  54. ^ Michael Glencross, Reconstructing Camelot: French Romantic Medievalism and the Arthurian Tradition, St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, 1995, p. 85
  55. ^ Joseph N. Moody, French Education since Napoleon, Syracuse University Press, 1978, p. 59
  56. ^ Fritz Ringer, Toward a Social History of Knowledge: Collected Essays, Berghahn Books, 2000, p. 84
  57. ^ Paul Monroe, A Cyclopedia of Education, A-CHR, Vol. 1 of 4, Forgotten Books, 2012, p. 70
  58. ^ "France". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  59. ^ "Projet de loi relatif aux libertés des universités". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  60. ^ Carol Summerfield, Mary Elizabeth Devine, International Dictionary of University Histories, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998, p. 419
  61. ^ "About us". Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  62. ^ "Les composantes". Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  63. ^ "Communication & documents utiles | Aix-Marseille Université". www.univ-amu.fr.
  64. ^ "CONSEIL D'ADMINISTRATION | Direction des affaires juridiques et institutionnelles". daji.univ-amu.fr.
  65. ^ "CONSEIL ACADEMIQUE | Direction des affaires juridiques et institutionnelles". daji.univ-amu.fr.
  66. ^ "Enseignants-Chercheurs | Aix-Marseille Université". www.univ-amu.fr.
  67. ^ "Commission de la Formation et de la Vie Universitaire - CFVU | Direction des Etudes et de la Vie Etudiante". deve.univ-amu.fr.
  68. ^ "University of Aix-Marseille Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  69. ^ "GUIDE: International Student Handbook – Aix-Marseille University" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2013.
  70. ^ Ville de Marseille. "Ville de Marseille – "A new proposal for education, comprehensible and consistent", Yvon Berland, chancellor of the University of Aix-Marseille". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  71. ^ "French Universities". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  72. ^ "AIX-EN-PROVENCE: CEA". Archived from the original on 29 August 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  73. ^ "CEA Global Education – The University Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III". Gowithcea.com. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  74. ^ "Office of International Education". Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  75. ^ "Programs > Brochure > Office of Global Programs". Office of Global Programs. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  76. ^ "Cornell ABROAD – FRANCE & FRENCH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES (Cornell University)". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  77. ^ "Documentation". Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  78. ^ "Sciences Po Aix". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  79. ^ "Study Abroad in Aix-en-Provence, France". IIEPassport. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  80. ^ "France to the United States, Consulate General of France in Houston – Fulbright". Consulfrance-houston.org. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  81. ^ "Loyola University Chicago – Institut d'Études Politiques, Loyola Exchange Program". Luc.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  82. ^ "Sciences Po Aix". Wellesley College. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  83. ^ "Sciences Po Aix, a 'Grande Ecole' in Provence".
  84. ^ "Christine Lagarde – Biographical Information". Imf.org. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  85. ^ Kenneth Rapoza. "Christine Lagarde". Forbes. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  86. ^ "Federica Mogherini à l'Europe". Sciences Po Aix. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  87. ^ "La femme de Colombo". Libération.fr. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  88. ^ Le Point, magazine. "Sri Lanka : la double victoire de la présidente". Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  89. ^ "Le blog d'Elisabeth Guigou » Me connaître". Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  90. ^ "Philippe Séguin – Politics Obituaries". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  91. ^ "Portrait de". Patrick Ollier. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  92. ^ LA FACULTE DE DROIT D’AIX-EN-PROVENCE: UNE HISTOIRE, UN PATRIMOINE
  93. ^ Ferne Arfin, "Adventure Guide to Provence & the Côte d'Azur", Hunter Publishing Inc, 2009, p. 149
  94. ^ Francesco Longo, Daniela Cristofoli, "Strategic Change Management in the Public Sector", John Wiley & Sons, 2007, p. 83
  95. ^ a b "University of Ottawa – About l'Université Paul-Cézanne (Aix-Marseille III)". Llmphd.uottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  96. ^ Navin Caleechurn. "Classement SMBG des Meilleurs Licences, Bachelors et Grandes Écoles – Spécialité Droit". Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  97. ^ World University Rankings 2024 by Subject: Law - Times Higher Education World University Rankings
  98. ^ QS World University Rankings by Subject 2024: Law & Legal Studies
  99. ^ "University of Connecticut – European and Civil Law in Aix-en-Provence, France". Law.uconn.edu. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  100. ^ "Louis Adolphe Thiers". Web-books.com. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  101. ^ "Edouard BALLADUR – Le portail des ministères économiques et financiers". Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  102. ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Félix, Jean Gouin – Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 – Assemblée nationale". www.assemblee-nationale.fr.
  103. ^ "Isaac Adolphe Crémieux". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  104. ^ "René Cassin – Biography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  105. ^ "Frédéric Mistral". Britannica.com. 25 March 1914. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  106. ^ Kais M. Firro, "Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the State under the Mandate", I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2003, p. 108
  107. ^ Raghid El-Solh, "Lebanon and Arabism: National Identity and State Formation", The Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford, 2004, p. 14
  108. ^ "CAPITALISM IN BULGARIA". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  109. ^ "Fernando José de França Dias Van Dúnem". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  110. ^ "Norodom Ranariddh – Biography". Archived from the original on 20 June 2012.
  111. ^ "Paul Cézanne". Biography. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  112. ^ John Powell, "Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800–1914", Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2001, p. 81
  113. ^ "QS Top Universities – IAE Aix-en-Provence Graduate School of Management". Topuniversities.com. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  114. ^ "BI Norwegian Business School – IAE Aix-en-Provence Graduate School of Management". Bi.no. 21 December 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  115. ^ "IAE Aix-en-Provence Graduate School of Management, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  116. ^ "Université Paul Cézanne; Marseille – Tilburg University". Archived from the original on 12 December 2012.
  117. ^ "About IAE Aix". Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
  118. ^ "Classement SMBG 2011 des Meilleurs Masters, Mississippi, MBA et formations spécialisées Bac+5/Bac+6" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  119. ^ PhD in Business Administration – ESSEC Business School
  120. ^ "Doctoral Programme – IAE AIX". .viadeo.com. Retrieved 2 December 2011.[permanent dead link]
  121. ^ "IAE AIX Graduate School of Management". Mbapursuit.com. 15 November 2011. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  122. ^ "AMSE Project – Birth of Aix-Marseille School of Economics". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  123. ^ "Groupement de Recherche en Economie Quantitative d'Aix Marseille (GREQAM) – AMSE". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  124. ^ "Sesstim". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  125. ^ "Idep". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  126. ^ "Master – Introduction (AMSE)". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  127. ^ "PhD (AMSE)". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  128. ^ "Welcome to EDGE – European Doctoral Group in Economics". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  129. ^ C. D. O'Malley, The History of Medical Education: UCLA Forum in Medical Sciences, University of California Press, 1970, p. 152
  130. ^ "colonial science, contagion and the imaginarium of Marseille – RFIEA – Réseau français des instituts d'études avancées". rfiea.fr.
  131. ^ Julien Bogousslavsky, Following Charcot: A Forgotten History of Neurology and Psychiatry, Karger Publishers, 2011, p. 179
  132. ^ "Faculté de Médecine". Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  133. ^ "Observatoire Astronomique de Marseille-Provence". Archived from the original on 23 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  134. ^ "Quatre grandes missions-OAMP". Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  135. ^ "Polytech Group". Archived from the original on 24 April 2014.
  136. ^ "Accord historique pour les ingénieurs français aux États-Unisc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2014.
  137. ^ "Ecole d'ingénieurs universitaire – Polytech marseille – Aix-Marseille université". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  138. ^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2024"
  139. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2025". Top Global Universities.
  140. ^ "World University Rankings 2025"
  141. ^ "2024-2025 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking"
  142. ^ "ARWU World University Rankings 2015 – Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015 – Top 500 universities – Shanghai Ranking – 2015". www.shanghairanking.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  143. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Natural Sciences and Mathematics – 2015–2015 Top 100 Universities in Natural Sciences and Mathematics – ARWU-FIELD 2015". www.shanghairanking.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  144. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences – 2015–2015 Top 100 Universities in Natural Sciences and Mathematics – ARWU-FIELD 2015". www.shanghairanking.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  145. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Life and Agriculture Sciences – 2015–2015 Top 100 Universities in Natural Sciences and Mathematics – ARWU-FIELD 2015". www.shanghairanking.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  146. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy – 2015–2015 Top 100 Universities in Natural Sciences and Mathematics – ARWU-FIELD 2015". www.shanghairanking.com.
  147. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Mathematics – 2015–2015 Top 200 Universities in Mathematics – ARWU-SUBJECT 2015". www.shanghairanking.com.
  148. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Physics – 2015–2015 Top 200 Universities in Physics – ARWU-SUBJECT 2015". www.shanghairanking.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  149. ^ "World University Rankings". 18 August 2017.
  150. ^ "World University Rankings 2018 by subject: arts and humanities". 12 September 2017.
  151. ^ "QS World University Rankings® 2015/16". 11 September 2015.
  152. ^ "Aix-Marseille University Rankings". Top Universities. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  153. ^ "Aix-Marseille University Rankings". Top Universities. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  154. ^ "Aix-Marseille University Rankings". Top Universities. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  155. ^ "Aix-Marseille University Rankings". Top Universities. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  156. ^ "Aix-Marseille University Rankings". Top Universities. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  157. ^ "Aix-Marseille University Rankings". Top Universities. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  158. ^ "Aix-Marseille University Rankings". Top Universities. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  159. ^ "U.S. News & World Report's Best Global Universities Rankings 2016".
  160. ^ "Best Global Universities for Biology and Biochemistry 2016".
  161. ^ "Best Global Universities for Chemistry 2016".
  162. ^ "Best Global Universities for Clinical Medicine 2016".
  163. ^ "Best Global Universities for Geosciences 2016".
  164. ^ "Best Global Universities for Immunology 2016".
  165. ^ "Best Global Universities for Microbiology 2016".
  166. ^ "Best Global Universities for Neuroscience and Behavior 2016".
  167. ^ "Best Global Universities for Physics 2016".
  168. ^ "Best Global Universities for Plant and Animal Science 2016".
  169. ^ "Best Global Universities for Psychiatry/Psychology 2016".
  170. ^ "Best Global Universities for Space Science 2016".
  171. ^ (CWTS), Centre for Science and Technology Studies. "CWTS Leiden Ranking". CWTS Leiden Ranking.
  172. ^ "University Ranking by Academic Performance 2015–16". Archived from the original on 12 September 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  173. ^ "CWUR 2016 – Top Universities in the World". cwur.org.
  174. ^ "The World's Most Innovative Universities 2019". www.reuters.com.
  175. ^ "Qui Sommes Nous" (in French). Presses Universitaires. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  176. ^ "GOVERNO MONTI/ Chi è Renato Balduzzi, il nuovo ministro della Salute". Il Sussidiario.net. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  177. ^ "Tullio De Mauro". www.tulliodemauro.com.
  178. ^ "Nikolaos Sokrates Politis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  179. ^ "Michel van den Abeele – Biography". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  180. ^ VSA. "La Constitution oubliée du maréchal Pétain : prélude des républiques françaises de l'Après Guerre (1) – Realite-Histoire". Realite-Histoire. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  181. ^ "Accueil". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  182. ^ "SIMEON Joseph Jérôme, comte (1749–1842)". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  183. ^ "Die Botschafterin – Royal Thai EMBASSY,VIENNA,AUSTRIA". www.thaiembassy.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  184. ^ Robert S. Hirschfield, The Selection and Election of Presidents, Transaction Publishers, 2009, p. xi
  185. ^ sami. "Curriculum". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  186. ^ "LII: US Supreme Court: Justice Blackmun". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  187. ^ "Mr. Justice Blackmun: Reflections from the Cours Mirabeau". Louisiana Law Review.
  188. ^ "Bybee CV" (PDF). William S. Boyd School of Law University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2013.
  189. ^ "Curricula vitae of candidates nominated by national groups – General Assembly Security Council (UN)" (PDF).
  190. ^ "Penn Law Faculty: Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., expert on Legal Ethics, Professional Responsibility, Civil Procedure, Federal Jurisdiction". www.law.upenn.edu.
  191. ^ ECHR. "Case-Law Analysis". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  192. ^ "It seems this link is broken! – UConn School of Law". www.law.uconn.edu. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  193. ^ webmaster, Supreme Court. "Current Judges of the Supreme Court". www.supremecourt.ie.
  194. ^ "Current Members – International Court of Justice". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  195. ^ "Michel Rosenfeld – Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2013.
  196. ^ Ralph A. Rossum, Federalism, the Supreme Court, and the Seventeenth Amendment: The Irony of Constitutional Democracy, Lexington Books, 2001, p. ix
  197. ^ "NC State Lecture to Address Presidential War Power and Constitution". Archived from the original on 14 October 2006.
  198. ^ "Alec Stone Sweet". Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  199. ^ "College of Law: Symeon C. Symeonides – Willamette University". Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  200. ^ Baume, Maïa De La (30 November 2012). "Mazarine Pingeot, Mitterrand Daughter, Looks Back". The New York Times.
  201. ^ "Jean-Claude Abric – London School of Economics (LSE)" (PDF).
  202. ^ a b "Research council". Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  203. ^ "Patrick Baert – Biography". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
  204. ^ "Christie Davies – Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  205. ^ "Gene M". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  206. ^ "Bernard E. Harcourt – Biography". Archived from the original on 11 February 2013.
  207. ^ "Prof John Loughlin – Biography". Archived from the original on 3 October 2013.
  208. ^ "William H. Starbuck – NYU" (PDF).
  209. ^ "John Waterbury – Princeton University". Archived from the original on 22 July 2013.
  210. ^ "Charles Fabry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  211. ^ "Faculty Directory". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  212. ^ "The Bologna Institute for Policy Research – Seminar Series Event – Richard-Gilmore-Global-Agriculture-in-the-21st-Century". The Bologna Institute for Policy Research. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  213. ^ "Richard Lyons – Faculty Directory – Berkeley-Haas". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  214. ^ "Mark P. Taylor". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
edit

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aix-Marseille_University&oldid=1255192354"