åç°æ大ã責任ã¨æ£ç¾©ãåè©ä¼ã¬ã¸ã¥ã¡
責任ã¨æ£ç¾©âãªãã©ãªãºã ã®å± å ´æ
- ä½è : åç°æ大
- åºç社/ã¡ã¼ã«ã¼: åèæ¸æ¿
- çºå£²æ¥: 2003/10
- ã¡ãã£ã¢: åè¡æ¬
- ã¯ãªãã¯: 18å
- ãã®ååãå«ãããã° (81件) ãè¦ã
ï¼ï¼è¡çºã®èªå·±åä¸æ§ã¯å¦å®ããã¦ããªã
ãåç°ã¯Habermasãæ¹å¤ãããã¨ã§ãè¡çºã®èªå·±åä¸æ§ãåæã¨ããçè«ãéãã¦ãããHabermasæ¹å¤ã ãã§ãããªãã¨ãè¨ãåã£ã¦ãã¾ã£ã¦ããã®ã ãããã¨ããæ¸å¿µã¯ãã¦ããããã®çè·¯ãå
å¨çã«æ¹å¤ããã
ãåç°ã®è°è«ã¯ã(i)çºèªå
è¡çºã¨çºèªåªä»è¡çºã®å®ä½çåºå¥ãèªãããªãããã®äºã¤ã®è¡çºé¡åã«åé¡ãããçºè©±è¡çºã®èªå·±åä¸æ§ï¼ã¤ã¾ãèªç¶çåä½æ§ï¼ãåæããããããªããã(ii)èãæã®äºè§£ã«ããè¡çºã®äºå¾é¡åçæç«ãèªãããªããã¢ã³ã¼ãã£ãªã³å¹æã«ãã£ã¦åä¸ã®çºè©±è¡çºãçºèªå
è¡çºã§ããã¨åæã«çºèªåªä»è¡çºã§ããï¼çµ±èªè«çæ§é ããã¤ã¨åæã«ãããªãï¼ã¨ããçç¾ãå°ããããã¨ãããã®ã§ããããã®è«çèªä½ã«ééãã¯ãªããã(i)ã«ã¤ãã¦ã(ii)ã«ã¤ãã¦ãå件ãèªããã¹ãæ ¹æ ãèå¼±ã¨æãããã
ã(i)ã«ã¤ãã¦ãå½è©²å¼ç¨ç®æï¼p. 16ï¼ã§Habermasã¯ãçºèªåªä»çå¹æãããããæå³ã®æç¡ã«ãã£ã¦ããç¸äºè¡çºããããã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³çè¡çºãã¨ãæ¦ç¥çè¡çºãã«å®ä½çã«åºå¥ãã¦ããã®ã§ãã£ã¦ããçºè©±è¡çºãããçºèªå
è¡çºãã¨ãçºèªåªä»è¡çºãã«åºå¥ãã¦ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³çè¡çºã«ã¯çºèªåªä»è¡çºï¼ã®æå³ï¼ãå«ã¾ããªãããæ¦ç¥çè¡çºã«ã¯å½ç¶çºèªå
è¡çºã¨çºèªåªä»è¡çºï¼ã®æå³ï¼ãæ··å¨ãã¦ããã¯ãã§ãããã ããèªç¶çãªåä¸æ§ãå¿
è¦ã¨ããã®ã¯ãç¸äºè¡çºãã§ãã£ã¦ãçºè©±è¡çºãã§ã¯ãªãããã®ææã ãã§åç°ã®Habermasæ¹å¤ã¯ç ´ç¶»ããã
ãã¤ãã§ã«ææãã¦ããã°ãçºèªå
è¡çºã¨çºèªåªä»è¡çºã®å®ä½çåºå¥ãªã©ã¨ããæ³å®ããææå³ã«å¯è½ã§ããã¨ã¯ã¨ã¦ãæããªããçºèªåªä»è¡çºã§ãããªãçºè©±è¡çºã¨ããã®ã¯æç½ãªèªç¾©çç¾ã§ãããã¢ã³ã¼ãã£ãªã³å¹æãªã©ãã¡åºããªãã¦ãããèªä½ã¨ãã¦ç ´ç¶»ãã¦ããã¨ããããHabermasããããªé¦¬é¹¿ãªãã¨ãèããããããªãã¨èããã®ãåççã ããã
ã(ii)ã«ã¤ãã¦ãå½è©²ç®æï¼p. 11-12ï¼ã§åç°ã示ããã¦ããã®ã¯ãããããã話ãæã®æå³ã¯èãæã«æ£ããä¼ãããªãå ´åããããã¨ããã¾ã£ãããã£ã¦èªæãªäºå®ã ãã§ããã話ãæã®æå³ãããèãæã®è§£éããçè«å®¶ãåªå
çã«æ¡ç¨ãã¹ãæ ¹æ ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ä½ãè¿°ã¹ããã¦ããªãããã¡ãã話ãæã®æå³ãåªå
ãã¹ãçç±ãåå¨ããªãå¯è½æ§ã¯ããããã ããã¨ãã£ã¦æå³ã«ããè¡çºå®ç¾©ãä¸å¯è½ã§ããããã§ã¯ãªããããã«ããè¡çºã®äºå¾é¡åçæç«ããèªæã®ççã®ããã«æ±ãã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãã
ãæå¾ã«ããè¡çºãã«å¯¾ããã«ã¼ãã³ã®æ
度ã«ã¤ãã¦è¨åãã¦ãããããç§ã«ã¯ã«ã¼ãã³ãè¡çºã®èªåæ§ãå®å
¨ã«å¦å®ãã¦ããã¨ã¯æããªããå½¼ã主張ãã¦ããã®ã¯ã
(1)社ä¼çã·ã¹ãã ã®è¦ç´ ã¯è¡çºã§ã¯ãªãã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã§ããã
(2)ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸ã§ãè¡çºãã¨ãã¦æ±ããããã®ã¯ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸ã§ãè¡çºãã¨ãã¦æ§æããã
ã¨ããäºç¹ã«ãããªãã(1)ã¯ç¤¾ä¼çãªãã®ã社ä¼çãªãã®ãåçç£ããã¨ãã社ä¼çã·ã¹ãã ã®ãªã¼ããã¤ã¨ã·ã¹ã®è«çã«ã®ããã«ã¯è¡çºãããã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®æ¹ã好é½åã¨ãããã¨ã«ãããªãï¼ã ããããå½¼ã¯ä¸ã年代æ«ã¾ã§æ
度ã決ãããã¦ããï¼ãã(2)ã¯ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸ã§ãåä½ãï¼Einheitï¼ã¨ãã¦æ±ããããã®ã¯ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸ã§ãåä½ãã¨ãã¦æ§æãããã¨ããã«ã¼ãã³æ§æ主義ã®ä¸è¬å½é¡ã®è¡çºã¸ã®å¿ç¨ã§ãããã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸ã§æ±ãããªããè¡çºãã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯è¨åãã¦ããªããã¨ãããåç°ã®ããã«ãè¡çºãã»ãè¡çºè
ãã®èªåæ§ãã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸ã§ã®æ§æã«å§ãã¦ãã¾ãã¨ãç¾å®ã«ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸ã§åãä¸ãããããã®ããè¡çºã§ã¯ãªãã¨ããããããã¦åç´è¦³çãªå¸°çµãå°ããã¦ãã¾ãã
ããã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸ã§æ±ãããè¡çºãã¨ããã®ã¯è¦ããã«ãè¡çºè¨è¿°ãï¼ã®ä¸ç¨®ï¼ã§ãããè¡çºè¨è¿°ãäºå¾é¡åçã«ãªãããã®ã¯å½ç¶ã®ãã¨ã§ãããéã«è¡çºè¨è¿°ã¯äºå¾é¡åçã§ããã°ããã®ã§ãã£ã¦ãå¥ã«è¨è¿°ã®ãå ´ããã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã«éå®ããå¿
è¦ã¯ãªããåçï¼æ³èµ·ï¼è½åããã£ã人ã¯ä»äººãããªãã¦ãèªåãä»äººã®è¡çºãè¨è¿°ãããã¨ãã§ããã
ï¼ï¼ãå¼·ãã責任çè«ã¯ç¡ã§ãã
(1) 責任çè«ã®ãå¼·å¼±ãã¯ç¨åº¦åé¡ã«ãããªã
ã(i) æ§æ主義ã¨ããã®ã¯åãæä¸å¿ä¸»ç¾©ã®ãã¨ã§ãããããå¼·ãã責任çè«ã¯ãæ´å²ã®å®å¨è«ããåæã¨ãããããæ§æ主義ç責任è«ã¨å¤å»¶ãåããããããã§ã¯ãªããããã¯è²¬ä»»çè«ã®ãå¼·å¼±ãã質çå·®ç°ã§ã¯ãªããç¨åº¦åé¡ã«ãããªããã¨ãæå³ããã以ä¸èª¬æããã
ã(ii) åãæä¸å¿ä¸»ç¾©ã¨ãããã¨ã¯ãåãæã«ããç解ã絶対è¦ãããã¨ãæå³ããããã§ã«ææããã¨ããã第ä¸ç« ã§ã®åç°ã®è°è«ã¯ãè¡çºã®æ§æ主義ãã§ã¯ãªããè¡çºè¨è¿°ã®æ§æ主義ãã¨ãã¦ããæ¿èªã§ããªãããè¡çºè¨è¿°ã«é¢ãã¦åãæ絶対主義ãèªãããã¨ã¯å®¹æã§ããã
ã(iii) ããã«å¯¾å¿ããããªããæ§æ主義ç責任è«ã¨ããã®ã¯ãè¡çºè¨è¿°ã®æ°ã ã責任ããããã¨ããç«å ´ã ã¨ãããã¨ã«ãªãããããæ§æ主義çã«èªããããè¡çºè¨è¿°ã®ä¸ã«ã¯è«ççã«ä¸¡ç«ä¸è½ãªãã®ãå«ã¾ããããã¤ã¾ã誤解ã®å¯è½æ§ãããããAã¯ï¼¢ã殺ãããã¨ãAã¯ï¼¢ã®å½ãå©ãããã¯ããããè¡çºè¨è¿°ã§ãããã両ç«ãããªããããæ¬å½ã«æ§æ主義çãªè²¬ä»»è«ãæ¡ç¨ãããªããAã¯ï¼¢ã®æ®ºäººã«å¯¾ãã¦ã責任ãããã¨åæã«ãªããã¨ãã馬鹿ããè¨æãçè«å®¶ãèªãããªããã°ãªããªããªãã
ã(iv) ã ãã責任çè«ã¨ãã¦æä½éã®åçæ§ã確ä¿ããããã«ãåç°ã¯ãæ´å²ã®å®å¨è«ãããã¡ã ãã¦ãããã¤ã¾ãåºæ¥äºã®å æé£éã¨ã®å¯¾å¿ãã責任èªå®ï¼éã«ããã°è²¬ä»»é»å´ï¼ã®ãè¦æºãã¨ããã®ã§ããã
ã(v) ã¨ããã§åç°ã«ããã¨ãå¼±ãã責任çè«ã®å®ç¾©ç¹æ§ã«ãã¦åé¡ç¹ã¯ãã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã®ç¾å ´ãé¢ãã第ä¸è
çãè¦æºãã®æ¡ç¨ã«ããããã¦ããå¼·ãã責任çè«ãæ¡ç¨ãã¦ãããå æé¢ä¿ã®åå¨ãã¯ã第ä¸è
çãè¦æºãã§ã¯ãªãã®ã ãããããã主張ããæ ¹æ ãããã¨ã¯æããªããããã«ãå¼·å¼±ãã¯ç¨åº¦åé¡ã§ããããå¼·ããçè«ã¯ãè¦æºããç·©ãã¨ãã以ä¸ã®ãã¨ãæå³ããªãã
(2) ãå¼·ãã責任çè«ã®åå¨è¨¼æã¯æç«ããªã
ã(i) åç°ãããã§ãåå¨è¨¼æãã¨å¼ãã§ããã®ã¯ã責任çè«ä¸ã®ç«å ´ã¨åå¨è«ä¸ã®ç«å ´ã対å¿ãããåå¨è«ä¸ã®ä¸æ¹ã®ç«å ´ãå¦å®ãããã¨ã§ãããã«å¯¾å¿ãã責任çè«ä¸ã®ä¸æ¹ã®ç«å ´ãå¦å®ãããã¨ããè°è«æ§å¼ã§ãããå
·ä½çã«ã¯ããå¼·ãã責任çè«ã¨å¤å»¶çè«ããå¼±ãã責任çè«ã¨æ§è³ªçè«ã対å¿ãããæ§è³ªçè«ã¯ä¸åçã ãããå¼±ãã責任çè«ãä¸åçã ã¨ããéã³ã«ãªã£ã¦ããããã¦ããã®è°è«ã¯ããã¤ãã®ç¹ã§ç ´ç¶»ãã¦ããã以ä¸ç¢ºèªãã¦ããã
ã(ii) ã¾ãããå¼·ãã責任çè«ãæ§è³ªçè«ãæ¡ç¨ã§ããªãã¨ãããã¨ã®æ ¹æ ãèå¼±ã§ããã責任ã¯è¡çºè
ã«å¸°å±ããããã®ã§ãã以ä¸ãæ§è³ªã«ãã£ã¦å®ç¾©ãããè¤æ°ã®è¡çºãã¾ã¨ããè¡çºè
ãåå¨ãããªãã°ãæ§è³ªçè«ã¨ãå¼·ãã責任çè«ã¯ä¸¡ç«å¯è½ã§ããããå¼·ãã責任çè«ã¯å æé¢ä¿ã¨é©åçãªè¡çºè¨è¿°ã®æ°ã ã責任ãåå¨ããã¨ãããã¨ã ãè¦è«ããã°ããã®ã§ãã£ã¦ããããä¸ã¤ã®è¡çºã®è¨è¿°ã§ããããããã¨ãè¡çºè¨è¿°ã®æ°ã ãè¡çºãåå¨ããã¨èãããã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ç¡å·®å¥ã§ãã£ã¦ããã¯ãã§ãããã¤ã¾ãã殺人ãã¨ãæ¦äºæ¹èµ·ãã¯å¥ã®è¡çºã§ããããããããå½è©²è¡çºè
ã®è¡çºã§ãããããããå½¼ã«è²¬ä»»ãããã¨ãã主張ããå¼·ãã責任çè«ã¯ææå³ã«åãæ¢ããã ããã
ã(iii) ã¨ã¯ããã(ii)ãèªããã¨ãã¦ãããå¼±ãã責任çè«ãæ§è³ªçè«ããæ¡ç¨ã§ããªãã®ã§ããã°ãï¼æ§è³ªçè«ã®å¦å®ï¼âï¼ãå¼±ãã責任çè«ã®å¦å®ï¼ã¨ããè°è«ãæç«ããåå¨è¨¼æã¯æåã¨ãããã¨ã«ãªãããããæ®å¿µãªããããã¡ãã®çµã³ã¤ããæ ¹æ èå¼±ã§ããããããã[2-1]ã®åãã¯ããæ¦äºæ¹èµ·ã¯Aã®æå³ãããè¡çºã§ãããã¨ããæ§æ主義çè¡çºçè«ãåæã¨ãã¦ããããæå³ãããè¡çºããèªããªãå»ã§æ¹å¤ããã¦ããã¯ãã®ãå¼±ãã責任çè«ãããã®åãã«ææå³ãªåçãä¸ãããã¨ãã§ããã¨ã¯æããªãããå¼±ãã責任çè«ã¯ãAã®æå³ã«åºã¥ãã¦ãå½¼ã¯ã殺人ãã¨ããä¸ã¤ã®è¡çºã ããããã®ã ã¨ä¸»å¼µãããããªãã
ã(iv) æ§è³ªçè«ã®ä¸åçã«ã¤ãã¦ãç´å¾ã§ããªãããè¨è¿°ã®æ°ã ãåºæ¥äºããããã¨ã«ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ããã¨ããå¥å¦ãªçµè«ã¯ããè¡çºï¼åºæ¥äºãã¨ããçå¼ã«åºã¥ãã¦ããããã ã¨ããã°å¤å»¶çè«ãæ¡ç¨ããå ´åãã殺人ãã¨ãæ¦äºæ¹èµ·ããåä¸ã®åºæ¥äºã ã¨ãããããã¾ãå¥å¦ãªçµè«ãå°ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ããããå½è©²ç®æï¼p. 46-7ï¼ã§åç°ã¯æ§è³ªçè«ã®ä¸åçã ããææãã¦ããããåãçå±ã§å¤å»¶çè«ãæãç«ããªããªãã®ã§ããããããå¤å»¶çè«ã®å ´åã¯ãåºæ¥äºã®å æé£éã¨ãã観念èªä½ãç¡æå³åããã¨ããããªãè´å½çãªãã¾ãã¾ã§ã¤ãã¦ãããã¨ã«ãªããã ããåºæ¬çã«ãåºæ¥äºã¨è¡çºã¯å¥ã®ãã®ã¨ãã¦èããã¹ãã§ããè¨è¿°ã®æ°ã ãè¡çºããããã¨ããæ§è³ªçè«ã®å¸°çµã¯ããä¸ã¤ã®è¡çºãæ°¸é ã«ç¶ããã¨ããå¤å»¶çè«ã®å¿
ç¶ç帰çµã¨åç¨åº¦ã®å¥å¦ãããã£ã¦ãããã¨ããç¨åº¦ã®ææã«ã¨ã©ããã»ããããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã
(3) èªç¶ä¸»ç¾©ç責任çè«ã§ãã以ä¸ãå«ççãªæå³ã¯ãã¡ããªã
ã(i) åç°ã¯ãå¼·ãã責任çè«ãå«ççè«ããããªããã¨ã®çç±ãã責任ã®ã¤ã³ãã¬ãã«æ±ãã¦ããããã¡ããããå¼·ãã責任çè«ã«ãããªãã°ãå
¨ã¦ã®äººãæªæ¥æ°¸å«å
¨ã¦ã®åºæ¥äºã«å¯¾ãã¦è²¬ä»»ãè² ããã¨ã«ãªãã ãããå
¨ã¦ã®åºæ¥äºã¯å æçã«é£é¢ãã¦ããã¨èããããããä¸ä½çºãåæ¡ããã°å
¨ã¦ã®äººãå
¨ã¦ã®åºæ¥äºãå¼ãèµ·ããã¦ããã¨èããããããã ããããªäºæ
ãèµ·ãã£ãã®ã§ã¯è²¬ä»»æ¦å¿µã¯å«çæ¦å¿µã¨ãã¦ä½ã®å½¹ã«ãç«ããªãã
ã(ii) ã§ã¯ã¤ã³ãã¬åé¡ã解決ããã°ãåç°ã®è²¬ä»»æ¦å¿µã¯å«ççãªæå³ããã¤ããã«ãªãã ããããæ®å¿µãªããããã¯ç¡çã§ããããªããã¨ããã¨ãããã§è²¬ä»»ã¨å¼ã°ããè¡çºè
ã®å±æ§ã¯ãå½¼ã(1)ä½ããã®æå³çè¡çºãè¡ãã(2)ããããå§ã¾ãå æé£éãåå¨ãã(3)ãã®é£éã«åºã¥ããè¡çºè¨è¿°ããªãããå ´åãè¡çºè
ã«å¸°å±ãããæ§è³ªã§ããã«ãããªãããã ãã¤ã¾ãæ¬æ¸ã§ã責任ãã¨å¼ã°ãã¦ããã®ã¯ããã®ä¸æ¡ä»¶ãæºãããå ´åã«è¡çºè
ã«è¦åºãããèªç¶çæ§è³ªä»¥ä¸ã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã
ã(iii) åé¡ãªã®ã¯ãã責任ãã¨ããã¨ãããã¨ãä½ãæå³ãã¦ããã®ãã«ã¤ãã¦ãä½ã説æããã¦ããªããã¨ã§ããããµã¤ã人ã責任ãèªãããããªãã®ã¯ãèªããã¨ä»éçã«å«ãªãã¨ãããããã§ããï¼ãã³ã«ãªããéãæãããããçã
ï¼ãã¾ããã¨ã³ãã¯ã¼ãäºã
ããããã®ãã責任ã帰å±ãããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ãã®äººã«ã©ããªè¡åãå½ãããã¨ãã§ããããäºãåãã£ã¦ãã¦ã®ãã¨ã®ã¯ãã ãåç°ã®è°è«ã¯ãããã責任æ¦å¿µã®è¦ç¯çå´é¢ãçéè¦ãã¦ãããããããã®äººã«è²¬ä»»ãããã¾ãããããããã§ããã以ä¸ã®é²å±ã¯ããããªãã
ã(iv) ããããããèªç¶çæ§è³ªã¨ãã¦ã®è²¬ä»»ã®åå¨è«ãæåºãã¦ããã¦ããã¨ã¯ä½ã¨ãæ¿æ²»å¦ã¨ããåæã«ã責任ãã¨ãããã¨ã®å
容ãè¦å®ããã°ããã¨èãã¦ããã®ãããããªãï¼ã¨ãããããããéã¯ãªãï¼ããããããæ
度ã¯æ´åãå¯è¼¸å
¥ãè©æ¬ºãªã©ã®ãã¡ã®ã©ããããããã¯å
¨ã¦ã§ããã
ã(v) çµå±ãè¦ç¯çå«æãä¸ç¹å®ã§ãã以ä¸ããå¼·ãã責任çè«ã¨ããã®ã¯ãããã¤ãã®æ¡ä»¶ãçµã¿åãããã¨ãã«è¡çºè
ã«è¦åºãããå±æ§ããçºè¦ãããããã«ã責任ãã¨ãããæã
ãããç¥ã£ã¦ãããã®ã責任ãã¨ç´ããããååãã¤ããã ãã«ãããªããã¤ã¾ãå«ççãªçè«ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãç¡ãã§ããã
ã(vi) ããã«ããã°ããå¼·ãã責任çè«ã§ã¯ãè¡çºè¨è¿°ä¸è¬ã¨ãã責任ãåããã¨ããå½¢ã§ã®ç¹æ®ãªè¡çºè¨è¿°ã¨ãåºå¥ãããã¨ãåççã«ã§ããªããããã¯çè«ã®è¨è¿°ï¼äºå®èª¬æï¼çãªæ§è½ã¨ããç¹ãããæ¬ é¥ãããã¨ãããã¨ã§ããã
ï¼ï¼ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è ããããèªç±ä¸»ç¾©è ãã¸ã®ãå¥ç´è«ãï¼ä»®æ³äººé¡å¦ï¼ã¯åé¡è«ã«ãããªã
ãåç°ã¯ç¬¬åç« ç¬¬äºç¯ã»ç¬¬ä¸ç¯ï¼p. 137-176ï¼ã§ããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è ããæçµçã«ããªãã©ã«ãã¸ã¨å è½ãã¦ããéç¨ã«å¯¾ãã¦ãå½äººãå è½ä»¥åã«å½ã®å è½ãç´å¾ã§ãããããªãçç±ããæ示ãããã¨ã§ããä»è ãã®åå¨ãé è½ãããã¨ãªãããä»è ãã«ããèªçºæ§ã確ä¿ãããã¨ãã¦ããï¼ããã°è¨è³ªãåããã¨ãã¦ããï¼ã以ä¸ããã®ãå¥ç´è«ããã©ã®æ®µéã«ããã¦ãæåãã¦ãããããã ä¸ã®ä¸ã«ã¯ãããã人ãããã¨ããåé¡è«ä»¥ä¸ã«ã¯ãªã£ã¦ããªããã¨ãè«è¨¼ããã
(1) ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è ããããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ã
(1-1) å¶åº¦ã¨ã¯ä½ã
ããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è ãã¨ããã¨ãã®ãå¶åº¦ãã¨ã¯ã第ä¸ç« 第äºç¯ã§ç´¹ä»ããã¦ããSearleã«ãããåå¨ãâãå½çºãã®å°åºè«ï¼p. 94-98ï¼ã«ããã大åæã®ãã¨ã§ãããSearleã®è«è¨¼ã¨ããã®ã¯åå¨ï¼Aï¼ã¨å½çºï¼Bï¼ã®éã«[(AâB)⋀A]âBã¨ãããã¼ããã¸ã¼ãæç«ãããã¨ããã£ã¦ããã ãã§ããããã®(AâB)ãå¶åº¦ã¨å¼ã°ãã¦ããããã®å¶åº¦ã大åæã¨ãããã¨ã§å¼µããã空éã®å é¨ã§ã¯AâBï¼åå¨âå½çºï¼ãèªæè¦ãããã
(1-2) ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è ãã¨ã¯ã©ããã人ã
ãä¸è¨ã®å¶åº¦(AâB)ãèªããªã人ããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã¨ããããã®äººã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã¯åå¨âå½çºãèªæã§ã¯ãªããåç°ã¯æ®ºäººã責任ãä»è
ã®å°éã¨ãã£ãå
·ä½ä¾ ã§èãã¦ããããè°è«ã®æ確åã®ããã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ä¸è¬çãªè¡¨ç¾ãããã®ãé©åã ã¨æããï¼ä»¥ä¸ãããã«åããã¦è¡¨ç¾ãå¤æ´ãã¦ãããï¼
ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãï¼ããã¹ããã¨ããèªï¼ã«å«ã¾ããå½çºæ§ï¼ãç解ã§ããªã人
ã¤ã¾ããã¹ããï¼ããã³ããã«é¡ããèªï¼ãçºè©±ãããæ¸ããçã
ã®äºå®ï¼ï¼åå¨ï¼ã«éãã¦ãæã
ããµã¤ãæå¾ãããå½çºæ§ããè¦åºããã¨ãã§ããªã人ã®ãã¨ã§ããã
(1-3)ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãã¨ã¯ã©ããã人ã
ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãã«ã¤ãã¦ãåç°ã¯ããç¹å®å¶åº¦ã«å¯¾ãããã¨ããéå®ãæãã¦ããããè°è«ã®å±éä¸ãã®éå®ã¯ä½ã®å½¹å²ãæããã¦ããªããããã«ãã¯ã次ã®ããã«ä¸è¬åããã®ãé©åã§ããã
ãè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãï¼ããã¹ããã®å½çºæ§ã¯ç解ãã¦ããããèªåã¯ãã®é©ç¨å¤ã«ããã¨æã£ã¦ãã人
å½çºå½é¡ã®é©ç¨ç¯å²å¤ã«èªåãç½®ãã¦ãã人ã®ãã¨ã§ããã
(1-4) å è½ã®è«ç
ã(i) ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ããããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãã¸ã®ãèªçºçå è½ãã¯ãã解çãå¾ããã¨ã«ããåãã®å¿
ç¶çå¤è³ªãã¨ããæ°¸äºåçãªè«çã§èª¬æããã¦ãããããã§ã¾ãããããããã©ããã¦å½çºæ§ãªãã¦ãã®ãããã®ããã¨åããªã人ï¼çæ§ã®ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãï¼ã¯ãå¥ç´ã®åè£ããé¤å¤ããããåããªã人ã«ã¯è§£çãä¸ããããªãããã
ã(ii) ããã§ãåã人ï¼ä»®æ§ã®ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãï¼ã ããåè£ã¨ãªããã¨ãããä¸ã®åãã«ã¯é©åãªè§£çãåå¨ããªãã解çã¯åãã誤解ãã¦ã¯ããã¦å¯è½ã«ãªãï¼åãã®ä¼éä¸å¯è½æ§ï¼ãã¤ã¾ã
â å½çºæ§ä¸è¬ã¸ã®çåã§ã¯ãªããç¹å®ã®å½çºã«å¯¾ããçåã¨èª¤è§£ããä¸ã§ãå¥ã®å½çºã«ä¾æ ãã解çãä¸ãã
â¡å½çºæ§ä¸è¬ã¸ã®çåã§ã¯ããããèªåããã®é©ç¨ç¯å²ã«å
¥ããã¨ã«å¯¾ããçåã¨èª¤è§£ããä¸ã§ãå½äººãå½çºå½é¡ã®é©ç¨ç¯å²ã«å
¥ããã¨ã®ãå½äººã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã®å©çï¼ãããã¯éå½çºçãªçç±ä¸è¬ï¼ãæ ¹æ ã«ãã解çãä¸ãã
ã®äºç¨®é¡ãã解çãåå¨ããªãããã®äºã¤ã®è§£çåè£ãæ示ããä¸ã§ã誤解ããããªãåããªãï¼ä¼éã®æ念ï¼ã¨ãã人ã¯é¤å¤ãããã
ã(iii) ãããã¦èª¤è§£ããã¦ãããã¨ãã人ã ããå¥ç´ã®åè£ã¨ãªãï¼æè¡ã®éå§ï¼ãâ ã®èª¤è§£ã¯ãå½çºå¶åº¦å
ã¸ã®å¸åãæå³ãããããèªåã¨ããç¹æ¨©ç主ä½ãå¶åº¦å¤ã«ç¢ºä¿ã§ããâ¡ã®ã»ããã¾ããã¨ãããã¨ã§ãâ¡ã®è§£çã解çã¨ãã¦èªãããï¼ã¤ã¾ãæ£è§£ã»ä¸æ£è§£ã®å¤æ対象ã¨ãªãï¼ãèªåãåãã¦ããåããããªãèªåãå½çºå¶åº¦ã®é©ç¨ç¯å²å
ã«å«ã¾ããã®ããã¸ã¨å¤è³ªãããã¤ã¾ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãã¨ãªãã
(1-5) ã©ããééã£ã¦ããã
ã(i) ä¸ã®è©±ã¯ã誤解ããã¦ããããã解çãã»ããã¨ãã人ã¯ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ããããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãã«å è½ããã¨ããã¹ãã¼ãªã¼ã ãããã®äººã¯æ¬å½ã«ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã ã¨ãã£ã¦ããã®ã ãããããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã¨ãã¦ã®ã¢ã¤ãã³ãã£ãã£ã¯ããã®äººãç«ã¦ã¦ããåãã®ç¨®é¡ã«ãã£ã¦å®ãããã¦ããããã ãããå¥ã«èªåã®åãã«å¯¾ããçããããªãã¦ããããããã¨ã«ããä½ãçãã¦ãããã¨ãã人ã¯ããã å¤ãªåããä»äººã¨ã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã®ãã£ããã«ãããã¨ãã¦ãããæ·ãããå±ãã«ãããããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ããªã©ã¨ãã大層ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããçµå±ããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã¯ããã®åãã®ä¼éä¸å¯è½æ§ã®ããã«ããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã¨ãã¦ã®åä¸æ§ãä¿æããããã«ã¯åããæ念ããããå¾ãªãã®ã§ãããèªçºçãªå è½ã¯ããããªããä¸è¨â¡ã®è§£çã解çã¨èªããã®ã¯ãæåãããã®è§£çã«å¯¾å¿ããåããåãã¦ãã人ï¼ãè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãããããªããã解çãå¾ããã¨ã«ããåãã®å¿
ç¶çå¤è³ªã«ããå è½ãè«ã¯å¤±æã§ããã
ã(ii) ãããããçãã¦ãããããã¨ããç¹ç°ãªæ¬²æ±ãï¼p. 138ï¼ãããåããè¡çºã«ææ³çã«è¦ãã ããã欲æ±ãï¼p. 139ï¼ã¨ãã¦ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã«å¸°å±ãããã¨ã¯ãè«ççã«ä¸å¯è½ã§ããããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã¯ãèªåãçºãã¦ãã®ãããããããåããã§ãã以ä¸ãçããæ±ãã¦ãããã¹ããã ã¨ãããã¨ãç解ã§ããªãã¯ãã ãããã§åç°ããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã¨å¼ãã§ããã®ã¯ãå®ã®ã¨ãããåãâçããã®ææ³ã«é¢ããå
¬çã«ã¼ã«ãåªå
ãããèªç±ä¸»ç¾©è
ãã«ä»ãªããªãã
(2) ãè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ããããã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ãã
(2-1) æéé¸å¥½ã«ã¤ãã¦
ãå段éã§ã®ãä»è
ããæéé¸å¥½ã«é¢ãã¦ãã¤ç¹å¾´ã«ã¤ãã¦ãåç°ã¯èªåã®è°è«ã誤解ãã¦ãããå«æã¨ç§°ãã¦æ°ããæ¡ä»¶ã追å ãã¦ããã以ä¸ææããã
ã(i) ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã®ç¡æéæ§ãããã§ç¡æéæ§ã¨ããã®ã¯æéé¸å¥½ãä¸å¯è½ã¨ãããã¨ã§ãæéé¸å¥½ã¨ã¯æç¹ãç°ã«ããå©çã»å¹ç¨ãåæã«å¤æææã¨ãããã¨ã§ãããåç°ã¯ããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã«ã¯ãããããç¹å®ã®èªå·±å©çã»æ¬²æ±ã»é¸å¥½ã¨ãã£ããã®ã帰å±ãããã¨ã¯ã§ããªããï¼p. 156ï¼ããã«ãæéé¸å¥½æ¦å¿µãç¡æå³ã ã¨è«ãããã[4-4]ãè¿°ã¹ã¦ããã®ã¯ãèªå·±å©çããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã®åãã®åæ©ã§ã¯ãªããã¨ãããã«èªå·±å©çã¯å½¼ã®åãã«å¯¾ãã解çã«ãªããªãã¨ãããã¨ä»¥ä¸ã§ã¯ããããªãããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ãã¯æéé¸å¥½ããã¡ãããããã®åãã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã¯ãã®æ
å ±ãç¡é¢ä¿ã ã¨ãããã¨ä»¥ä¸ã¯ãããªããæéæ§ããããªãã¨ãèªå·±å©çããããªããªã©ã¨ããä¸è¦ãªæ¡ä»¶ãå ãã¦ãããããã«ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è
ããæªç©çãªåå¨ã«ä»ç«ã¦ä¸ããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªããããããèªå·±å©çããã£ã¦ããªãã®ã§ããã°ãèªå·±å©çã«è¨´ããããã°ã©ã¦ã³ã³ç説å¾è¡ã«èª¬å¾ãããï¼é¨ãããï¼ãã¨ã ã£ã¦ããããªãã¯ãã ã
ã(ii) ãè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãã®ç¾å¨ä¸å¿ä¸»ç¾©ãï¼ãµã¤ãç¾å¨ä¸å¿ä¸»ç¾©ã¨ããã®ã¯ãç¾å¨ãä¸å¿ã«ãã¦ããããæéçè·é¢ãé¢ããã»ã©å©çãå²ãå¼ãã¦èãããã¨ãããããåç°ã¯æ°¸é ã®ç¾å¨ãçããå¹é£ä¸»ç¾©ã®ãã¨ãæãã¦ãããï¼ããã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯èª¬å¾çãªè«æ ãä¸ã¤ãæãããã¦ããªãï¼èªæè¦ããã¦ããã ãï¼ãæéé¸å¥½ããã¡ã¤ã¤ãèªåã ãã¯ç¹å¥æ±ããããã¨ããªãä¸å¯è½ãªã®ããã¾ã£ããç解ä¸è½ã§ããã
(2-2) ç¾å¨ä¸å¿ä¸»ç¾©è ã¯é·æçè¦ç¹ãæ¡ç¨ããåæ©ããããªã
ãã¨ãããåç°ã®è¨ã«å¾ã£ã¦ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãã¯ç¾å¨ä¸å¿ä¸»ç¾©ï¼å¹é£ä¸»ç¾©ï¼ã ã¨ãããã¨ã«ãã¦ããããã®äººã«å¯¾ãã¦é·æçè¦ç¹ã®æ¡ç¨ãææ¡ããåãå ¥ãã人ã¯ãã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããã«å è½ããã¨ããã®ã次ã®è°è«ã§ãããããã§åç°ã¯ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãã«å¼·å¼±ãããã¨ãããå¼·ã人ã¯ãã®ææ¡ãåãå ¥ããªãããã«å¥ç´ã®å¯¾è±¡ããé¤å¤ããã¨ãããã¨ããããã®å¼·å¼±ãåããåºæºã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã©ãã«ãæ¸ããã¦ããªãããããããã¨å°æ¥ã®å©çãåæ¡ãããã¨èªä½ããå¼±ããã¨è¡¨ç¾ãã¦ããã®ãããããªãããã ã¨ããã°ï¼é·æçè¦ç¹ã®æ¡ç¨ï¼âï¼å¼±ãï¼ã¨ããé¢ä¿ã«ãªã£ã¦ããã®ã§ãã£ã¦éã§ã¯ãªããã¤ã¾ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãã¯èª°ã§ãå®ç¾©ä¸ãå¼·ããã®ã§ãã£ã¦ã誰ãé·æçè¦ç¹ãæ¡ç¨ãããããã«å ¨å¡ãå¥ç´ã®å¯¾è±¡ããå¤ããããã¨ã«ãªãããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãâãã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããã¸ã®ç§»è¡ã¯ãããããæå³ã§ä¸å¯è½ã§ããã
(2-3) ãè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãã¯ãã¤ã®ã¾ã«ãèªå·±å©ç主義è ãã¸ã¨å è½ããã®ã
ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãã¨ããã®ã¯å½çºå½é¡ã®é©ç¨ç¯å²ããèªåã ããç¹ä¾çã«é¤å¤ãã人ã®ãã¨ã§ãã£ã¦ããã®å®ç¾©èªä½ã®ä¸ã«ã¯ãèªå·±å©çãå¤æåºæºã«ããããªã©ã¨ãããã¨ã¯å«æããã¦ããªãããèªå·±å©çãäºã ãåºã¦ããã®ã¯ããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è ã説å¾ã®éã§ããããã®èª¬å¾ã失æã§ãããã¨ã¯æ¢è¿°ã ããä»®ã«æåã ã¨ãã¦ãããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è ãã¯ããèªå·±å©çã«é©ããããã¨ãã解çã«è³æãããã¨ã§ãè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãã¨ãªã£ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã®è§£çã«ããããã解çã¨ãã¦ã®è³æ ¼ï¼æ£è§£ã»ä¸æ£è§£ã®å¤æ対象ã¨ãªãè³æ ¼ï¼ãèªããã ãã®ã¯ãã ãã«ããããããããã¤ã®ã¾ã«ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãã¯èªå·±å©çãå¤æåºæºã¨ãããèªå·±å©ç主義è ãã¸ã¨å è½ãã¦ããã
(2-4) ãèªåã«å½çºæ§ãèªãããã¨ãã¨ãè¦ç¯ã«å¾ã£ãè¡åãã¨ããã¨ãã¯éã
ãé·æçè¦ç¹ããã£ããã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããã¯ãé·æçå©çã®ããã«ãã¨ããããå¾ãããªãï¼p. 160ï¼ãããã¨ãããã¦ããããããããè¡åæ°´æºã§ã®éé ã¯ãå½çºæ§ã®æå³ãèªå·±ã¸ã®é©ç¨ããã¼ãã¨ãã¦ããã¯ãã®æ¬çããè¦ãã¨ãã¾ã£ããç¡é¢ä¿ã§ãããã¤ã¾ãæ®æ®µããé·æçèªå·±å©çãåæ¡ãã¦è¦åéé è¡åãã¨ãçãã¤ãã¦ãããããããããã¹ããã¨ããèªã®æå³ãããããªãï¼ãå¶åº¦ã®ä»è ãï¼ã¨ããèªåããã¦ããè¡åãèªåãããã¹ããã¨ã¯æã£ã¦ããªãï¼ãè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãï¼ã¨ãããã¨ã¯ãããã§ãå¯è½ã§ããã
(3) ãã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããããããªãã©ã«ã
(3-1) ãã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ãããããªãã©ã«ãã¨ã¯ã©ããã人ã
ãã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããï¼ãä¸çã®åã決ããã¨ãã«ãéæçãªèªå·±å©çï¼åï¼ã ããåæ¡ãããã¤ãããpositiveã«è©ä¾¡ãã人
ããªãã©ã«ãï¼ãä¸çã®åã決ããã¨ãã«ãèªå·±å©çï¼åï¼ã ãã§ãªãä»äººã®å©çï¼åï¼ãåæ¡ãããã¤ãããpositiveã«è©ä¾¡ãã人
(3-2) ããã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããâããªãã©ã«ããã¯æ´è«ã§ãã
ã(i) åç°ã¯ä¸¡è
ã®éã«æ¨é¡ã®å«æé¢ä¿ãããã¨ä¸»å¼µãã¦ããããããªããããªãã®ã¯èª°ã®ç®ã«ãæããã ã¨æããã以ä¸ã©ããããããã®ãææããã
ã(ii) è«æ ã«ãªã£ã¦ããã®ã¯ãæªæ¥ã»éå»ã®èªåããã種ã®ä»äººã®ãããªãã®ã ã¨èãããªããä»äººããã種ã®èªåã®ãããªãã®ã ã¨èããªãçç±ã¯ãªããã¨ããParfitã®è°è«ã§ããããã¦ããã¤ã®ã¾ã«ãã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããã¯ãæªæ¥ã»éå»ã®èªåããã種ã®ä»äººã®ãããªãã®ãã ã¨èããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã ãããã
ã(iii) åç°ã®å¥ç´è«ãæåãã¦ããã¨ãã¦ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ããåãå
¥ããã®ã¯ããæªæ¥ã»éå»ã®èªåãèªå·±å©çã®ç¯çã«å
¥ãããã¨ãã§ããããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãã¯èªåãç¹ä¾çãªåå¨ã ã¨èãã¦ãä¸çã®åï¼èªåã®åã ã¨èãã¦ããããå¥ã«ä»äººã®åå¨ãç¥ããªãããã§ã¯ãªãããã èªåãç¹ä¾æ±ããã¦ããã ãã§ãããå½¼ã¯ãç¾å¨ä»¥å¤ã®ããªããç¹å¥ãªããããªãã§ãããã¨ãããã¦ãããã§ãããã¨ãã£ãã ããªã®ã ãç¾å¨ä»¥å¤ã®èªåãå¡ç¾ã®ä»äººã®æ°´æºã«ã¾ã§è²¶ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã
ã(iv) Parfitã®è°è«ã¯ããèªå·±åä¸æ§ãç¹å¥ãªãã®ã¨èããªããªãã°ãã¨ããæ¡ä»¶ä»ã§ãããã¨ãæ³èµ·ããªããã°ãªããªããããã«å¯¾ãã¦ãè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ããèªå·±åä¸æ§ãç¹å¥è¦ãã¦ãããã¨ã¯æããã§ãããå½¼ã¯æªæ¥ã®ãèªåãã ãããããä¸çã®åãç®åºããããã®å®ç¾©åã«ç®å
¥ãããã¨ã決ããã®ã§ããã
ã(v) åç°ã¯éãªãã©ã«æ´¾ãã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããã®åå¨ä¸å¯è½æ§ãè«è¨¼ããã¨ãã£ã¦ãããªããï¼p. 164ï¼ãçµè«ã¯ãéãªãã©ã«æ´¾ãã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããã®æ
度ã«ã¯ãã©ããç¬æèãæ¼ã£ã¦ããã®ã§ãããï¼p. 167ï¼ç¨åº¦ã®ãã®ã«çã¾ã£ã¦ãããã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããç¬æçãªã®ã¯èª°ã§ãç¥ã£ã¦ãããã¨ã ãããã£ã¨ç¬æçãªã®ã¯ç¬ææ§ã¨ä¸å¯è½æ§ãåä¸è¦ããåç°èªèº«ã§ã¯ãªããã
ã(vi) ããã«ãç¾æ©è²ã£ã¦ãç¾å¨ä»¥å¤ã®èªåã®åãåæ¡ãããã¨ãä»äººã®åãåæ¡ãããã¨ãå«æãããã¨ãèªããã¨ãã¦ããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãã¯ãããªã²ã©ãæ¡ä»¶ã®å¥ç´ã«åæããã ããããå«æãé ãã¦ææ¡ããã®ã ã¨ããã°ãããã¯è©æ¬ºã§ã¯ãªããããæã
ã®ç³ãåºã«é£ãã¤ãã¦ãããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è
ãã¯ãããã¾ã§ä¸»ä½çã»è½åçã«ç¬¬äºã®å¦¥åã«å¿ããããã¦å è½ããã®ã§ãããï¼p. 172ï¼ã¨ããå£ä¸ã¯ãããã«ãè©æ¬ºå¸«ã®è¨ãéãç¶ã¨ãã¦ããªãã ãããï¼ãå¥ç´æ¸èªã¾ãªãã§å®å°æ¼ããã®ã¯ãããã ããï¼ã
ã(vii) ãã¦å«æé¢ä¿ãæãç«ããªãããã¨ãã£ã¦ããã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããã絶対ã«ããªãã©ã«ãããããªãããã§ã¯ãªããParfitçãªçå±ããããã°èª¬å¾ããããã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããããããããããªãããã¡ãã説å¾ãããªã人ã¯ã¾ããå¥ç´ã®å¯¾è±¡ããå¤ãã¦ãããã¨ã«ãªãã
(4) ããªãã©ã«ããããã«ã¼ã«æºæ çæ 度ã
(4-1) ãã«ã¼ã«æºæ çæ 度ãã¨ã¯ä½ã
ãã«ã¼ã«æºæ çæ 度ï¼ãèªåã®åãä»äººã®åã¨ã¯å¥ã«ããã«ã¼ã«ããä¸çã®åã決ããããã«åæ¡ãããã¤ãããpositiveã«è©ä¾¡ããæ 度ï¼ãåã以å¤ã«ãæ£ãã¨ããåºæºã®åå¨ãèªããï¼
(4-2) ãããªãã©ã«ãâãã«ã¼ã«æºæ çæ 度ããã¯æ´è«ã§ãã
ã(i) åç°ã¯æ¨é¡ã®ãããªå«æé¢ä¿ãããã¨ä¸»å¼µãã¦ãããããã¯ã¤ã¾ãããä»è
ã¸ã®å
±æè½åããã¤ããªãã°å¿
ããã«ã¼ã«ã®åå¨ãèªãããã¨ãããã¨ã§ããã追å æ¡ä»¶ãªãã«æãç«ã¤ã¨ã¯å°åºæããªããï¼[5-3]ã[5-4ï¼½ã¨[5-5]ã«åãã¦ããã¨ãããè¦ãã¨ãå«æé¢ä¿ã§ã¯ãªãåå¤é¢ä¿ã主張ãã¦ããã®ãããããªããããã«ã¼ã«æºæ ãâããªãã©ã«ãã¯è¡è«ä¸ä½ã®å½¹å²ãæããã¦ããªããï¼
ã(ii) ããªãã©ã«ãï¼Lï¼ã¨ãã«ã¼ã«æºæ ãï¼Rï¼ã®éã«å«æé¢ä¿ãæãç«ããªããã¨ã示ãã«ã¯ãâ ãLâRãã«å¯¾ãã¦ã¯ãLãã¤Â¬Rããâ¡ãRâLãã«å¯¾ãã¦ã¯ãRãã¤Â¬Lããªãåä¾ãåå¨ãããã¨ã示ãã°ãããâ ã®ä¾ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãèªåã¨ä»äººã®åããã®é½åº¦å ´å½ããçã«ä¸çã®åã«å¤æãããã¨ããäºæ
ãå¯è½ã§ãã ãâ¡ã®ä¾ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãä»æ¥ã§ãããã¨ãææ¥ã«ã¾ãããªããã¨ããï¼ä»äººã®åã«è¨åããªãï¼ã«ã¼ã«ãå¯è½ã§ãããããã«Lã¨Rã®éã«ã¯ãããªãå«æé¢ä¿ããªãã
ã(iii) åç°ã¯ã¦ã£ãã²ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã¤ã³ã®äºä¾ãåä¾ã«ãªããªããã¨ããã£ã¦[5-4]ã®æç«ã主張ãã¦ããããã ããä¸ã¤ã®åä¾ã失æããããã¨ãã£ã¦ãåä¾ãåå¨ããªãã¨ãããã¨ã®è¨¼æã«ã¯ãªããªãã
ã(iv) ããããã¦ã£ãã²ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã¤ã³ã®ä¾ã¯ããã§ã®è°è«ã¨ä½ã®é¢ä¿ããªããåç°ã¯ãå
±æè½åãâãä¸åæ§ãâãç§çã§ãªããâãç§çã«ã«ã¼ã«ã«å¾ããã¨ã®ä¸å¯è½æ§ãã¨ããé£æ³ã²ã¼ã ã«èªåã§é¨ããã¦ããã ãã§ããããããããããªãã©ã«ãã§ãªããã¨ããã®ã¯ãä¸çã®åãåæ¡ããéã«ä»äººã®åãèæ
®ããªããã¨ãããã¨ã§ãããªãã®ã§ãã£ã¦ãä»äººã«ç解ã§ããªããããªä»æ¹ã§ã«ã¼ã«ã«å¾ãäºã
ã§è¨ãããã¨ããã®ãç解ã«é¢ããã¨ã´ã¤ã¹ããã§ãããã¨ãå«æããªãã件ã®çå¾ããã®å³å¯ãªæå³ã§ããªãã©ã«ãã§ãããã©ããã¯ä¸æãªã®ã ããããã®ä¾ã¯è°è«ã¨ç¡é¢ä¿ãªã®ã ãããªãã©ã«ããã©ããã¨ããã®ã¯å«ççå¤æè½åã«ããããäºæã§ãã£ã¦ãèªèè«çç解è½åã¨ã¯å¥æ¬¡å
ã®åé¡ã§ããã¯ãã ãããããå«çå¤æã«ãããå
±æè½åã®æ¬ å¦ã¨ãã¦å®ç¾©ããã¦ããã¯ãã®éããªãã©ã«ãæ§ãããã¤ã®ã¾ã«ãèªèè«çãªè½åæ¬ å¦ããå
æããããã«ãªããããã«ä¼´ã£ã¦éããªãã©ã«ããæªç©åãã¦ãããã¾ãããã«ãè¦ãããï¼è¡ãçãå
ãç«æ人ãç²¾ç¥ç
ã§ããï¼ã
(5) ããªãã©ã«ããããèªç±ä¸»ç¾©è ã
(5-1) å 害åçã«ã¤ãã¦
ã(i) ãå人ã¯ãä»è
ã«å±å®³ãå ããªãããããèªç±ã«èªãã®åã追æ±ããå¹³çãªæ¨©å©ãæã¤ãï¼p. 201ï¼ã¨ãããå 害åçããããªãã©ã«ãæ¿èªããã¨ããã®ã¯åç°ã®ããã¨ããããã ããããã¯ææ¡âæ¿èªã¨ããéç¨ã§åºã¦ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããä»äººã®åãpositiveã«è©ä¾¡ããã¨ããããªãã©ã«ãã®å®ç¾©ãã®ãã®ã®ä¸ã«å«æããã¦ãããã¨ã§ããããããªãã©ã«ãâãå 害åçããã¨ããå«æé¢ä¿ãæç«ããã
ã(ii) ããã¯ç£æ«ãªææãããããªããããå³å¯ã«è§£éãããå 害åçã®ä¸ã§ã¯ç¦ããããããªãæ§ã
ãªè¡çºãï¼p. 204ï¼ã¨ãã表ç¾ãè¦ãã¨ãå 害åçããä»è
ã«å±å®³ãå ããè¡çºã¯çµ¶å¯¾ç¦æ¢ãã¨ãããã¨ãå«æãã¦ããã¨ãã£ã¦ããã®ãã¨æãã¦ãã¾ããå½ç¶ãå 害åçãå³å¯ã«è§£éããã°ããããä»è
ã¸ã®å±å®³ãåå¨ããªãå ´åã ãã対象ã¨ããéå®çåçã§ãããã¨ã¯æããã§ããããã以å¤ã®å ´åã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ä½ãèªã£ã¦ããªããããã¦ãããããå ´åã«ã¤ãã¦è¦å®ããåçãåå¨ããªããã°ãªããªããã¨ããããªãå¼·ãè¦è«ãç½®ããªããããããå 害åçã¯ããã®å®å¹æ§ï¼èªç±ï¼ã確ä¿ããããã«é¿ãé£ãæ£å½ååçã«ããè£å®ãå¿
è¦ã¨ãããï¼p. 205ï¼ããã§ã¯ãªãã
(5-2) æ£å½ååçã«ã¤ãã¦
ã(i) ãä»è ã«æªãããããè¡çºã¯ãèªä»ã¨ãã«å ±æãããçç±ã«ãã£ã¦æ£å½åãããªãã¦ã¯ãªããªããï¼p. 203ï¼ã¨ãããæ£å½ååçãããããªãã©ã«ãã§ãããã¨ã®ä¸ã«å«æããã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªãã¨ããã®ã¯ããã®ã¨ãããã¨ãããä¸å¯è§£ãªãã¨ã«ãåç°ã¯ãå«æããã¦ããªããã¨ææããã ãã§è°è«ãã¹ãããããã¦ãã¾ããããã¾ã§ææãã¦ããã¨ãããåç°ã¯å«æé¢ä¿ããªãã¨ããã§ãããªãå¼·å¼ãªå¥ç´ãè¿«ã£ã¦ããã¯ãã§ãå½ç¶ããã§ãããªãã©ã«ãã«å¯¾ãã¦ããèªç±ä¸»ç¾©è ãã¸ã¨ãå è½ããããããã®èª¬å¾ã®åªåããªãããã¹ããªã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ããããå°ãªãã¨ãããå¶åº¦ã®ä»è ãããè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãã«å è½ãããããå¹é£ä¸»ç¾©è ï¼ãè¦ç¯ã®ä»è ãï¼ã«é·æçè¦ç¹ãæ¡ç¨ãããããã¯ãããªãã©ã«ãã«æ£å½ååçãæ¿èªããããã¨ã®æ¹ãæ ¼æ®µã«æ¥½ã ã¨æãã®ã ãã
ï¼ï¼ãªãã©ã«å½å®¶ã¯ãèããããªããã°ãæ¿ããããªã
(1) ãªãã©ã«å½å®¶ã¯ãèãããªã
ã(i) åç°ã¯æ£å½ååçãæ£å½åçç±ã®å
容ãå
·ä½çã«è¦å®ãã¦ããªããã¨ããã£ã¦ããªãã©ã«å½å®¶ãè¤æ°å¯è½ãªæ£å½åçç±ã«å¯¾ãã¦ä¸ç«çãªç«å ´ã«ç«ã¤ãã¤ã¾ããèããã¨ä¸»å¼µãã¦ããã
ã(ii) ãããæ£å½åçç±ãç¹å®ãããªãéããæ£å½ååçã¯å©å®³å¯¾ç«ã®èª¿ååçã¨ãã¦ã®å®å¹æ§ãç²å¾ã§ããªããæ£å½ååçãå®å¹çã§ãªãã¨ãªãã©ã«å½å®¶ã¯ä¸å¯è½ã ãã¨ããã®ãåç°ã®æ説ã§ãããããã«ã©ããªãå
·ä½çããªãªãã©ã«å½å®¶ããç¹å®ã®æ£å½åçç±ã«ã³ããããã¦ããã¯ãã§ããããããã£ã¦ã天ä¸ããªãã¬ãå°ä¸ãã®ãªãã©ã«å½å®¶ã¯ãä¸è¨ã®ãããªæå³ã§ãèããããã§ã¯ãªãã
ã(iii) ããããã¦åç°ããèããã¨ãã£ã¦ããã®ã¯å
·ä½çãªãªãã©ã«å½å®¶ã§ã¯ãªããæ¿æ²»ææ³ã¨ãã¦ã®ãªãã©ãªãºã ã®ãã¨ãªã®ãããããªããã ã¨ããã話ã¯ããããããªãã©ã«å½å®¶ã¨ããã®ãã©ããªæ¿ä½ã§ããããæ¢æ±ããã¨ãã第å
ç« ã®ä¸»é¡ã«ããããªããããããã«ãããªãã©ã«å½å®¶ããèãããªããã¨ã«å¤ããã¯ãªãã
(2) ãªãã©ã«å½å®¶ã¯ãæ¿ãããªã
ã(i) åç°ã¯ãä»è
ã«ç½åï¼æªãããã¼ãã¦ããªãè
ããä¸è¬ã®ç¤¾ä¼æ§æå¡ãå½ç¶ã®ããã«ãã¦äº«åãã¦ãããåã追æ±ããèªç±ããé»å®³ããã¦ãããï¼p. 242ï¼äºæ
ã¯ã主ã¨ãã¦å 害åçã«å¯¾ããéåã§ãããè£åãããã¹ãã ã¨ããã©ãã£ã«ã«ãªåé
åæ¿çãå«æãããã¤ã¾ããªãã©ã«å½å®¶ã¯æ大éã®æ¡å¤§å½å®¶ã§ãããæ¿ããã¨ä¸»å¼µãã¦ããã
ã(ii) ããããã®è°è«ã¯ãå 害åçã®é£æ³ã²ã¼ã ç誤解éã«åºã¥ãå¹»æ³ã«ãããªãããå人ã¯ãä»è
ã«å±å®³ãå ããªãããããèªç±ã«èªãã®åã追æ±ããå¹³çãªæ¨©å©ãæã¤ãã¨ããå 害åçã¯ããä»äººã«å±å®³ãå ããªãè¡çºãç¦ãã¦ã¯ãªããªããã¨ããåçã§ãããã¨ãããããã§åç°ãæ³å®ãã¦ããã®ã¯ãä»äººã«å±å®³ãå ãã¦ããªã人ã®è¡çºãç¦ãã¦ã¯ãªããªããã¨ããåçã§ãããå½ç¶ã®ãã¨ã ããããªåçã¯ããªãã©ã«ãã®å®ç¾©ã«å«æããã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªããããã®åçã«åç°ã®ããã©ãã£ã«ã«ãªåé
åãå«æããã¦ããã¨ããããããªãã©ã«ããããããé£ãªãæ¿èªãï¼p. 201ï¼ããããããªãããã®å«æãé ããä¸ã§å¥ç´ãè¿«ã£ãã®ã ã¨ãããããã¯ãããã¯è©æ¬ºã¨ãããããããªãã
ï¼ï¼æ©è½ä¸»ç¾©çæ£å½åãããªãã¨ããã®ã¯æ£å½åã§ããªãã®ã¨åãã§ãã
(1) 責任ã®ã¤ã³ãã¬ã¨ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³æ¥ç¶ã®å°é£ã¨ã¯åãã§ã¯ãªã
ã(i) 第ä¸ç« ã®è°è«ã¯ã責任ã®ã¤ã³ãã¬ã«ãã£ã¦ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³æ¥ç¶ãå°é£ã«ãªãã¨ããåæããåºçºãã¦ãããããã®æ ¹æ ãããããããªãã責任ã®ã¤ã³ãã¬ã¨ããã®ã¯ã責任æ¦å¿µãé©ç¨ããäºä¾ãççºçã«å¢ãããã¨ã§è²¬ä»»æ¦å¿µã®å«ççå«æãç¡åããã¨ãã話ã ã£ãããããã¯è²¬ä»»æ¦å¿µã«ãã£ã¦å«ççãªäºæã«ã³ããããããã¨ããçè«å®¶ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã®åé¡ã§ãã£ã¦ãå¥ã«ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³å½äºè
ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã®è¡çºè¨è¿°ã®é¸æè¢ãççºçã«å¢ããã¨ããå«æã¯ãªããåºæ¬çã«ãã®äºã¤ã¯ç¡é¢ä¿ã ã¨èããã¹ãã ã¨æãã
ã(ii) ãããããã¨ãå¼·ãã責任çè«ãä¸ã«ç¥ããããã¨ã§ãã¿ããªãã責任ãåããåã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã°ãããããããã«ãªããã¨ããäºæ
ãå¿é
ãã¦ããã®ãããããªããã人ã
ã¯ãã®çè«ã«ã¯è¦ç¯çå«æããªããã¨ãå«ãã¦å容ããã ããããããã®çè«ã«äººã
ãã責任ãåããåã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã«åæ©ä»ããåã¯ãªãããã£ã¦æ¥ç¶åé¡ã¯çããªãã
ã(iii) ããã«è²¬ä»»ã®ã¤ã³ãã¬ã«ãã£ã¦æ¥ç¶åé¡ãçããã¨ãã¦ããæ示ããã¦ãã責任å¦çæ§å¼ã§ã¯ãæ¥ç¶å¥æ©ã®ç¢ºä¿ã¯é£ãããä¾ãã°ãæ£ç¾©ãã«ãã責任å¦çã¯ãå 害åçãæ£å½ååçãä¸åæ§è¦æ±ã¨ããä¸ã¤ã®åçãé©ç¨ãããã¨ã§è¨±å®¹å¯è½ãªè²¬ä»»ãç¹å®ãã¦ããããã ãããããããã®ãããªä½æ¥ããã¦ããæç¹ã§ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¤ã·ã§ã³ã¯åæ»ãã¦ããã¨ãããããããªãã責任ã®ã¤ã³ãã¬ãåæããããã¨ã¯ãæ¥ç¶å¯è½æ§ãä¿è¨¼ãããã¨ãæå³ããªãã®ã§ããã
(2) æ©è½ä¸»ç¾©çæ£å½åã¯åççã«ä¸å¯è½ã§ãã
ã(i) ãªãã©ãªãºã ã®è¦ç¯çæ£å½åã¯ä¸å¯è½ã ããæ©è½ä¸»ç¾©çæ£å½åã¨ããå½¢ã§ç¤¾ä¼å¦çã«å± å ´æã確ä¿ã§ããã¨ããã®ãæ¬æ¸å ¨ä½ã®çµè«ã®ããã ãããããä½ããã®æ©è½ãæããã¦ããã¨ããçç±ã§å¯¾è±¡ã説æãããæ£å½åããè°è«ã¯ãåãæ©è½ãæããå¥ã®å¯¾è±¡ã¨ãã¦ã®æ©è½çç価ç©ã®åå¨å¯è½æ§ã®ããã«ãåççã«ä¸å¯è½ãã¨ããã®ã¯MertonãNagelãHempelã決å®çãªå½¢ã§ä¸»å¼µããLuhmannããã¦ãæ©è½ä¸»ç¾©ã®æ¥µæã¯èª¬æãæ£å½åã¨ã¯æ£å対ã«æ¯è¼ï¼ä»£æ¿å¯è½æ§ã®æ¢æ±ã«ãããã¨åç ´ãããããããããå®èª¬ãã§ãããããã以å¤ã®æ£å½åã®éçãæ®ããã¦ããã ããããï¼p. 330ï¼ã¨ããæå¾ã®å¸æã¯ãæ£å½åã¯ä¸å¯è½ã ã¨ãããã¨ãæå³ãããã¨ã«ãªããæ©è½ä¸»ç¾©ã¨ããã®ã¯ç¸å¯¾åã®æ¹æ³ãªã®ã ã