Comparative Anatomy
Circulatory System
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is the continuous system of tubes through
which the blood is pumped around the body. It supplies the tissues
with their nutritional requirements and removes waste products.
Circulatory System….
• Heart
• Modified blood vessel
• Aortic arches- within
pharyngeal arches
• Arteries
• Carries blood away from
heart
• Muscular, elastic fibrous
walls
• Regulates blood pressure
• Terminate in capillary bed
• Veins
• Carry blood toward heart
Pericardium: The pericardium is a tough fibroelastic sac which
covers the heart from all sides except at the cardiac root
• Fibrous pericardium (outer)
• Serous pericardium (inner)
➢Parietal pericardium
➢Visceral pericardium: lying on
epicardium
Portal Systems
• Veins drain from an organ and dump blood into other organ instead of
heart
Portal Systems (cont.)
• Hepatic
• Drains intestine into liver
• Renal
• Drains venous channels of tail into kidneys
• Hypophyseal
• Drains hypothalamus into sinusoids of anterior
pituitary
• Smallest
Hepatic and renal portal systems.
Portal Systems (cont.)
Hypophyseal portal system.
Plan of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
• In vertebrates the principal differences in the blood vascular system
involve the gradual separation of the heart into two separate pumps as
vertebrates evolved from aquatic life with gill breathing to fully
terrestrial life with lung breathing.
Single circulation
Double circulation
Pulmonary Systemic
circulation circulation
Heart
The heart is a muscular organ in vertebrates, which pumps blood
through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.
Heart (cont.)
Chambers of the primitive vertebrate
heart.
Heart (cont.)
The heart tube elongates and bends.
Fish Heart
• Fish heart-
• Sinus venosus
• Atrium
• Ventricle
• Conus arteriosus
Fish heart
Fish Heart (cont.)
• Sinus venosus
• Thin walled venous chamber
• Receives blood from: common cardinal vein (duct of Cuvier), coronary veins,
hepatic veins
• Atrium
• Large and thin walled
• Dorsal to ventricle
• Ventricle
• Dumps into conus artriosus- continuous with aorta
• Chambers separated by valves: sino-atrial valve, atrio-ventricular valve, semi-
lunar valve
• Conus arteriosus Short in bony fish and amphibians
• Not found in adult amniotes
• Bulbous arteriosus
• Swelling of ventral aorta
• Smooth muscle
Lungfishes
• Modifications of partial or complete
partition in atrium
• Left and right atria
• Emergence of lungs
• Double circulation
• Modification in conus arteriosus
• Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt
deoxygenated blood to lungs (spiral
valve)
• During air breathing blood from
heart directed to last aortic arch
• Pulmonary artery carries most of
blood into lungs
Spiral Valve
Spiral valve in dipnoans; Spiral valve in anurans; single flap.
longitudinal folds of conus
lining.
Amphibian Heart
• Develoment of Interatrial septum
• Ventricular trabeculae (in Siren
partial interventricular septum)
• Spiral valve directs oxy. blood
entering ventricle from left
atrium
• Shortening of ventral aorta
Amphibian Heart
Reptile Heart
• Cavum venosum (CV)- internal pocket; e.g.,
turtle
• Blood collected from post-cava and pre-cava
through sinus venosus
• To right atrium
• Venous blood to CV
• Cavum pulmonale
• Into pulmonary artery to lungs
• Oxygenated blood returns through pulmonary
veins in left atrium
• Left atrium to cavum arteriosum
• Back to CV
• To left and right aortic trunk
Turtle heart chambers and circulation path.
Turtle heart and two aortic trunks
emerging.
Crocodilian Heart
• Mechanism for breathing and diving
• Lungs not utilized
• Blood not pumped to lungs
• Foramen of Panizza
• Valve between aortic trunks to divert blood
• Allows left ventricle to pump to both arches when right ventricle closed
• Underwater right ventricle helps pump systemic blood
Diving
• Semilunar valve in right aorta closed when above
water
• Semilunar valve forced open when submerged in water
to divert pulmonary circulation
(a) (b)
Crocodilian blood circulation when (a) on the surface and when (b) diving.
Left-right and Right-left Shunts
Crocodilian foramen of Panizza
connects two aortic trunks at base.
Avian & Mammalian Heart
• 4 chambered heart
• 2 atria and 2 ventricles
• Birds and mammals
• Sinus venosus- in reptile heart
• Becomes sino-atrial node
• In embryo, right and left atria are not separated
• Foramen ovale
• Fossa ovalis
• Auricle - flap on side of atrium
Mammalian Heart
Adult mammalian heart and blood flow.
Aortic Arches
• Basic pattern has 6 aortic arches
• Major arterial channels
• Ventral aorta
• Dorsal aorta
• 6 pairs of aortic arches connects ventral and
dorsal aorta
Aortic Arches (cont.)
Adult aortic arches.
Left aortic arches.
Aortic Arches (cont.)
• Teleost
• 1st and 2nd arches lost
• Dorsal aortae become internal carotids
• Lung fish
• Pulmonary artery from 6th arch
Figure 13.23: Aortic arches, internal
carotids (ic) and pulmonary artery.
Tetrapod Aortic Arches
• 1st and 2nd arches lost
• Dorsal segment dropped between 3rd
and 4th arches
• Ductus caroticus
Figure 13.24: Adult aortic arches
(book figure 14.19).
Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)
• 3rd arch extends to internal carotids
• Carotid arch
• Ventral aorta extension
• External carotid
• Common carotid at base between 3rd
and 4th
Figure 13.25: Aortic arches, internal
carotid (ic), external carotid (ec) and
common carotid (cc).
Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)
• 5th arch lost
• Dorsal segment of 6th arch lost
• 4th arch- no anterior connection
• Aortic arch
• 6th arch
• Pulmonary arch
• Ex: adult anuran
• Urodele
• Ductus caroticus
• Ductus arteriosus- dorsal segment of 6th arch
Aortic Arches
• Reptiles
• 1st and 2nd arches lost
• Ductus caroticus lost
• 5th arch lost
• Ductus arteriosus lost
Mammalian Aortic Arches
• 3rd, 4th, 5th, & 6th retained
embryonically
• 1st and 2nd dropped
• 3rd carotid arch
• 4th systemic arch
• 5th lost
• Dorsal segment of 6th lost
• Retained embryonically- ductus
arteriosus (becomes ligamentum
arteriosum)
Bird Aortic Arches
• Right portion of aortic arch is retained and left is lost (opposite to
mammals)
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