COMPARATIVE ANATOMY:

ANIMAL BODY SYSTEMS:

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

AISD - 2009
Circulatory System
Aortic arches- within
pharyngeal arches
Arteries
Carries blood away from
heart
Muscular, elastic fibrous
walls
Regulates blood pressure
Terminate in capillary bed
Veins
Carry blood toward heart
Heart
Modified blood vessel

Figure 13.1: Cross section of
artery and vein.

Portal Systems
Veins drain organ and dump blood into other
organ instead of heart

Figure 13.4: Portal systems.
Portal Systems (cont.)
Hepatic
Drains intestine into liver
Renal
Drains venous channels of
tail into kidneys
Hypophyseal
Drains hypothalamus into
sinusoids of anterior
pituitary
Smallest

Figure 13.5: Hepatic and renal
portal systems.
Heart (cont.)
Figure 13.7: Chambers of the
primitive vertebrate heart.
Heart (cont.)
Figure 13.8: The heart tube elongates and bends.
Circulatory System
Function:
brings oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells, fights
infection, removes waste,
regulates body temp.
The system that transports!!!
Invertebrate Organs:
simple heart, vessels
Vertebrate Organs:
Heart, blood vessels
(veins, arteries and
capillaries) and blood

Where is your blood made?
Hint: Its made in a different system.
Animal circulation
Circulation systems are the systems used to
transport oxygen throughout the body to the
cells so they can perform the essential process
of cellular respiration.

Fish Heart
Fish heart- tube like
4 chambers:
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus arteriosus
Figure 13.9: Four chambered heart.
Fish Heart (cont.)
Sinus venosus
Thin walled venous chamber
Receives blood from: duct of Cuvier, coronary
veins, hepatic veins
Atrium
Large and thin walled
Dorsal to ventricle
Fish Heart (cont.)
Ventricle
Dumps into conus artriosus- continuous with
aorta
Chambers separated by valves: sino-atrial note,
sino-ventricular node, semi-lunar valve
Conus arteriosus
Short in bony fish and amphibians
Not found in adult amniotes

fish heart = two chambers and single
circuit circulation = atrium and
ventricle; blood flows from
amphibian heart = three chambers = left
atrium receives blood from the
pulmonocutaneous veins

right atrium receives blood from the systemic
veins (deoxygenated), blood flows
through left and right atrioventricular valves
into the ventricle where the blood is
partially separated by blood flow patterns,
but oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
mixes in the ventricle before
it is pumped out through the separate aorta
(carries blood to systemic arteries) and
pulmonocutaneous arteries (carries blood to
the lungs and skin for gas exchange).
Amphibian Heart
Spiral valve directs oxy. blood
entering ventricle from left atrium
The spiral valve alternately blocks
& unblocks the entrances to the
left and right pulmonary arches
(sending unoxygenated blood to
the skin & lungs).

Figure 13.13: Three-chambered frog heart.
Amphibian Heart (cont.)
Urodele- partially divided
circulation
Right and left atrium
Sinus venosus dumps into
right atrium
Pulmonary veins leave left
ventricle
Reptile - fully divided
circulation, but additional
chamber (as in turtle) Figure 13.14: Turtle heart chambers
and circulation path.
TURTLE HEART =
three chambers with partially separated
ventricle = left atrium receives blood
from
the pulmonary veins, right atrium receives
blood from systemic veins (via inferior
(or post) and
superior (or pre) vena cava), blood flows
through right and left atrioventricular
valves into the
ventricle which is mostly subdivided by an
interventricular septum into a right and
left half.
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is
somewhat separated but mixing occurs.
The ventricle pumps blood into the aorta
and systemic arteries and into the
pulmonary artery (trunk) which
carries blood to the lungs.

CROCODILE HEART/BIRD HEART =
four chambers = left atrium receives
blood from the pulmonary veins,
right atrium receives blood from systemic
veins (via inferior (or post) and
superior (or pre) vena
cava), blood flows through right and left
atrioventricular valves into the left
ventricle which
pumps blood into the aorta and systemic
arteries and the right ventricle which
pumps blood into
the pulmonary artery (trunk) which
carries blood to the lungs. Crocodiles
retain two aortic
arches. Birds retain a single right aortic
arch.
mammalian heart = four chambers = same basic flow pattern
as bird above, but mammals have
retain a single left aortic arch;
Figure 13.10: Heart chambers, oxygenated
blood flow (red), and septum modification.
Heart
Invertebrate Circulatory systems
Invertebrate circulatory system:
cells simply do diffusion to take in oxygen
systems with many hearts
systems with one heart.
The heart is simply used for pumping blood.
Circulatory systems can be either:
open systems
closed systems
Open circulatory systems
Blood is pumped through a system of vessels
BUT is only partially contained in these
vessels.
Most of the time the blood is pumped through
open cavities back to the heart.
This system is beneficial to arthropods and
mollusks because the blood comes into direct
contact organs and tissues.
Open Circulatory System
A pumping heart moves fluid through the
body.
Hemolymph = circulatory fluid
Not constantly contained in blood vessels
Clear, contains no hemoglobin
Carries nutrients, but not oxygen
Open Circulatory System (cont.)
How does it work?
At the sinus, hemolymph freely baths
tissues.
It is then collected, and returned to the
heart.
Hemocoel
Open Circulatory System (cont.)
Closed circulatory systems
A closed system forces blood through vessels
that extend throughout the body of the
organism.
Since the system is closed the blood never
leaves the vessels.
This system is beneficial to larger organisms
because the blood is kept at a higher pressure
which allows for more efficient circulation within
the organism.
Closed Circulatory System
A pumping heart moves blood into
Arteries which transport the blood Away from
the heart to
tissues and organs which carry out the exchange
of gases and nutrients in the
capillaries, at which point the blood (now
depleted of nutrients) moves into the
veins which transport it back to the heart
Closed Circulatory System (cont.)
Organism examples
Annelids segmented worms (earthworms)
Mollusks specifically the Octopus
(has the simplest closed system)

Closed Circulatory System (cont.)
How does it work?

Cardiovascular System
(closed system with additional complexity)
A chambered pumping heart sends blood
out into arteries, capillaries and veins,
returning to the heart.
Path:
Cardiovascular System

Arterie
s
Arteriole
s
Capillarie
s
Venule
s
Veins
Heart
Section 29-2
Insect:
Open Circulatory System
Annelid:
Closed Circulatory System
Heartlike
structures
Blood
vessels
Heartlike structure
Small vessels in tissues
Blood
vessels
Hearts
Heart
Sinuses
and organs
Figure 2910 Invertebrate Circulatory Systems
Vertebrate circulatory systems
Chordate circulatory systems:
single loop systems
found in organisms with gills
double loop systems
Double loop systems of most reptiles have three
chambered hearts
Double loop systems of crocodiles, birds and
mammals have four chambered hearts.
Section 33-3
Double-Loop Circulatory System
Single-Loop
Circulatory System
FISHES
MOST REPTILES
CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,
AND MAMMALS
Figure 3311:
The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates
Section 37-1
Figure 37-5 The Three Types of Blood Vessels
Capillary
Connective
tissue
Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
Smooth
muscle
Endothelium
Endothelium
Valve
Venule
Endothelium
Arteriole
Vein
Artery
Mammalian Blood Vessels
Blood
Functions
transport substances to and from capillaries
(nutrient and gas exchange)
guards against invasion by pathogens
aids in the regulation of body temperature
Clots
Blood
Structure/Parts
Plasma = liquid part of the blood
Includes: proteins, salts, gases, wastes, and
nutrients
Erythrocytes (red blood cells/RBCs)
6 million/mm
3
in whole blood
Do not have a nucleus
Life cycle in body = approx. 120 days
Contain Hemoglobin
Blood
Hemoglobin
Carrier of O
2

Iron (Fe) groups responsible for the carry
of oxygen
High affinity for both
O
2
and CO
2
Blood
Blood
RBCs
Manufactured in bone marrow
Skull, vertebrae
ribs, long bones

Blood
Blood
Leukocytes (white blood cells/WBCs)
Larger than RBCs;
Possess a nucleus
Lack hemoglobin
Initiate the immune response

Blood
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Produce 300 billion per day
150,000 to 300.000 per mm
3
of whole
blood
Formed by fragmentation of larger cells
Function - Blood Clotting

Blood
Blood
Steps in blood clotting
Platelets clump together at injury site for a partial
seal
Enzyme cascade resulting in fibrin cross bridges
A framework is woven that will catch RBCs
Vessel repair occurs