ENGLISH LECTURE - 02

Name:
Bank Job Recruitment Test Preparatory Program

CONTENTS
RELATIVE PRONOUN

COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUN

RELATIVE ADVERB

COMPOUND RELATIVE ADVERB

VERB

TENSE

BEFORE & AFTER; ALREADY & YET; SINCE & FOR

FROM & SINCE; WHILE & WHEN; SOME & ANY

SPECIAL CASES of TENSE

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 1

-Relative Pronoun-
1. Who, whom, which, that, whose (Relative Pronoun)
2. What (Compound Relative Pronoun)
3. How, when, where, why (Relative Adverb)
4. Whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever (Compound
Relative Pronoun)
Who are you? (Interrogative Pronoun)
That is my book. (Demonstrative Pronoun)

Who (Person-Sub)
Whom (Person-Obj)
Which (Nonperson-Sub & Obj)
That (Person & Nonperson-Sub & Obj)
Whose (Person & Nonperson-possession)

I know the boy. The boy is intelligent.

I know the boy who/that is intelligent. Antacedent
A) Who B) that

I know the boy. You know the boy.

I know the boy You know whom.
I know the boy whom/that You know.

The boy is my friend. The boy plays in the field.

The boy is my friend Who plays in the field.
The boy who is my friend plays in the field.
The boy who/that plays in the field is my friend.

I read the book. You gave me the book.

I read the book which/that You gave me.

The book is red. You gave me the book.

The book which/that you gave me is red.

I know the boy. The boy’s father is a doctor.

I know the boy. (Who/whom)’s father is a doctor.
I know the boy whose father is a doctor.
I know the boy the ___ father ___ of whom is a doctor.
I
I have a cat. The cat’s name is Tommy.
I have a cat. (which)’s name is Tommy.
I have a cat whose name is Tommy.
I have a cat the___ name ___ of which is Tommy.

Karim’s book.
Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 2
The book of Karim
I have a cat the __ name ___ of which is Tommy.
(Who/whom/which)’s=whose

Compound relative pronoun (what)

Listen to the speech __which___ he delivers.
Listen to __what___ he delivers.
a) Which b) that c) what

Who (Subject case)- take person as antecedent

• I met the man who has just come.
• This is the girl who works hard.
Whom (Object case)- take person as antecedent
• I met the man whom you invited.
• This is the girl whom all praises.
Whose (It is used to indicate possession of a person, animal and thing)
For person
• This is the boy whose father lives in London.
• The boy whose family always supports you is my friend.
For nonperson
• I have a dog whose name is Tommy.
Or, I have a dog the name of which is Tommy.
• A triangle whose three sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle.
Or, A triangle the three sides of which three sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle.
Which (Subject & object case)- take thing, object etc. as antecedent
• The book which you bought is helpful
• This is the dog which/that bit me.
To express Statement
• The girl was said to be drunk, which was not the case.
• He said he saw me in the garden, which was a lie.
That (Subject & object case)- Take both person and thing as antecedent.
• The 8.30 is the train that you need to get.
• She blamed herself for everything that had happened.
Person & Nonperson together
• The Yoga teacher and his dog who/which/that are generally seen around the garden are not there today.
• The man and his book that were seen yesterday has not been seen today.
• The girl and her bag that were found near the station were handed over to the police.
The following words must follow “That”
All, None, No, Nobody, Everything, Nothing, The same, The only, The few, The little, little, much. (Relative)
• All that glitters is not gold.
• I have given you everything that I have left.
• She got the few books that she lost yesterday.
• I do nothing that can hurt you.
Superlative degree takes “That”
• This is the best hotel that I know.
• The tallest building that can be seen is ours.
He saw me__which___ was a lie.

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 3

What is there __that__ is impossible for man?

He saw me __which ____ was a lie.

What is there ___that___ is impossible for man?

If the interrogative pronouns are at the starting point of a sentence

• What is there that is impossible for man?
• Who is there that is making a noise?
• What is it that has disturbed you?
• Whose is this dress that looks beautiful?
Please note: While taking “things” as antecedent both " Which" & “That” can be used for restrictive clauses and only
“Which” is used for non-restrictive clauses.
It gives me a good chance to improve my Italian, which/that has become a little bit rusty. (Non-restrictive)
Birds that/which come in winter are guest birds. (restrictive)
More Examples of relative pronoun:
❖ I slowly came to realize that she knew what she was doing.
❖ If you can't laugh at ourselves, who can you laugh at?
❖ I like everybody who works here, but you're the nicest of all.
❖ She needs other children with whom to play.
❖ She went to work with my brother, whom she later married.
❖ She married a very nice young architect from Belfast, whom she met on a bus.
❖ I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.
❖ It was a meeting whose purpose I did not understand.
❖ Michel Croz, with whose help Whymper climbed the Matterhorn, was one of the famous guides.
❖ This is the woman (who/that) Ann said could show us the church.
❖ I'm sending you a letter that I want you to destroy after reading.
❖ The secretary is what Phil is.
❖ It is I who am responsible.
“Who” is used as subject whereas “whom” is used as object of the sentence.
The teacher helps __who___ comes to class→Subject of come is “who”.
The teacher helps __whom____ the guardian wants→ Object of helps “whom”.
These are quite easy, right? But when the sentence is like this: “This is the person who/whom people like is
going to America”, it gets bit confusing.
Solution technique:
1. Scan the sentence and find the subjects and finite verbs in the sentence
2. If the number of subjects and number of finite verbs match, use whom
3. If the number of subjects and number of finite verbs do not match, use who
This is the person who/whom people like is going to America (two subjects and three finite verbs)
There is a child who/whom I believe to be a musical genius. (two subjects and two finite verbs)
Note: How to detect a finite verb is discussed later in “verb” section of this lecture

Compound relative Pronoun

What (It is a compound relative pronoun and does not require any antecedent)
• Listen to the speech (relative/antecedent) which he delivers---- Listen to which what he delivers.
• Nusrat read the book that/which I gave her----- Nusrat read what I gave her.
• I know the story which he told you------ I know what he told you.
“Ever” added to relative pronoun (whoever, whomever, whichever) shows indefiniteness. When antecedents of these
pronouns (who, whom, which) are not specifically mentioned, we need to use them by adding “ever”.

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 4

Whoever
• The beggar begs to the person who comes in his way.
• The beggar begs whoever comes in his way.
• The baby laughs at the person who I find comes to him.
• The baby laughs whoever I find comes to him.

Whomever
• You can go with the person whom you want.
• You can go with whomever you want.

Whichever
• You can buy the book which you like.
• You can buy what you like.
• You can buy whichever you like.
• You can buy whatever you like.

Relative Adverb

I go to Dhaka. (Kothay)
Verb/Adj/Adv- (Kokhon/Kothay/Kivabe/keno/koto tuku)-uttor (adv)

I know a restaurant. The food is excellent at the restaurant.

I know a restaurant The food is excellent at which.
I know a restaurant which the food is excellent at.
I know a restaurant at which the food is excellent.
I know a restaurant where the food is excellent.

I know a restaurant. The food is excellent at the restaurant.

I know a restaurant at where the food is excellent.

I don’t know the reason. The shop is closed for the reason.
I don’t know the reason The shop is closed for which.
I don’t know the reason which the shop is closed for.
I don’t know the reason for which the shop is closed.
I don’t know the reason why the shop is closed.
Compound Relative Adverb
Compound Relative Adverb: wherever, whenever, however .
• You may go to a place where you want. -------> You may go wherever you want.
• You may meet me at a time when you want. -------> You may meet me whenever you want.
• They can write it in a way how they want. -------> They can write it however they want.

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 5

-Class practice 01 -
1. The contest judges were told to give −−−−−−−.
A the prize to the boy whomever drew the best picture.
B. the prize to the boy who drew the best picture.
C. whomever drew the best picture the prize the boy.
D. to whoever the boy drew the best picture the prize.
E. the prize to whomever it was who drew the best picture.
2. They decided to honor −−−−−− the club for ten years next Tuesday.
A. Mr. Wilson, whom will have been president of B. Mr. Wilson, who will have been president of
C. Mr. Wilson, who will be president of D. Mr. Wilson, who would be president of
E. Mr. Wilson's, who will have been president of
3. Blake is among the very −−−−−− as genuinely significant in the history of both art and literature made a
tremendous advancement.
A. few individuals whom critics regard B. few individual who critics regard
C. few individuals who critical regard D. few individuals who critics regard
E. few individuals whose critics regard
4. She is the sort of person −−−−−−of statements.
A. who I feel would be capable of making these kind
B. who I feel would be capable of making these kind
C. who I feel would be capable of making these kinds
D. whom I fell would be capable of making these kinds
E. whom I feel would be capable of making this kind
5. It was −−−−−− he arrived.
A. us who had left before B. we who had left before
C. we who had went before D. us who had went before
E. we who has left before the time

-VERB-
Verbs generally express action or a state of being. It is such a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing.
A verb may tell us-
• What a person or thing does: Ferdous laughs. The bell rings.
• What is done to a person or thing: Ferdous was bitten. The window was broken.
• What a person or thing is: The cat is dead. The glass is brittle.
Main Verbs
In each of the following sentences, we only have a main verb.
• The sun shines.
• The horse neighs.
Helping Verbs
As the name suggests, helping verbs help or support the main verb.
• We are learning about helping verbs.
• I have been playing.
Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 6
• You should complete the work by tomorrow.

I play ckt.
I am playing ckt./ He is playing ckt.
I have been playing ckt./ He has been playing ckt.

State of Being Verbs (Linking Verbs)

State of Being verbs state that something 'is'. State of being verbs: also known as linking verbs. Linking verbs explain
a link between the subject of the sentence and a noun or adjective being linked to it.
• The flowers are bright.
• I feel scared.
• I play ckt.

Understanding Verbs
The words: am, is, are, was, and were, belong to the verb "to be".
• I was late for school yesterday.
• He was planning to meet the doctor.
• The Hollywood actors are famous.

Transitive Verbs
I play. (I)
I play ckt. (T)

A transitive verb expresses an action directed towards a person, place or thing. The verb which has an object is called
a transitive verb.
• The teacher made the question paper.
• Peter cut the cake.

Intransitive Verbs
A verb which does not need an object to make complete sense is called an intransitive verb.
• Mr. Becker jogs every day.
• Anne looks very beautiful.

A finite verb is limited by person and number.

▪ They always find fault in me.
▪ He likes me a lot.
A Non-finite verb is not limited by person and number.
▪ They always try to find fault with me.
▪ He has intention to like me.
I have been playing in the field.
He has been playing in the field.
I am playing.
He is playing.
I play.
He plays.

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 7

How to detect finite verbs:
1. All “be verbs” (am, is, are, was and were) are finite verb
2. If there is no auxiliary verb in the clause, main verb is the finite verb
3. All auxiliary verbs (both primary and modal) are finite verbs
4. If the auxiliary verb is constructed with more than one word, first part is the finite verb and the later part is
non-finite
• John is a good student.
• Sharah rides bicycle to reach school.
• Saleheen will reach Dhaka tomorrow
• She should have submitted the report yesterday
• They picked up five boat-loads of refugees, some of whom had been at sea for several months.
Please Note: Gerund, Infinitive and Participle will be discussed later

-Tense-
The word tense comes from the latin word tempus which means time. There are three main tenses.
A verb that refers to present time is called present tense.
A verb that refers to past time is called past tense.
A verb that refers to future time is called future tense.

TYPES OF TENSES
1. National Problem (Present Perfect & Past Indefinitie)
Ami ajke sokalbela ca pan korechi-. I took tea in today’s morning/ I drank tea in today’s morning.
Humayun Ahmed Onek Boi Likhechen- Humayun Ahmed has written/ wrote many books.
Jafar Iqbal Onek Boi Likhechen- Jafar Iqbal has written/wrote many books.
Sakib has played many games.
Sachin played many games.
I saw many tigers in this forest.
I have seen many tigers in this forest.

Ami vat kheyechi-

Ami vat kheyechilam

2. Jatiyo Somossa (otit kaler duti kaj)

1. I watched Gopal when my father came.

2. I was watching Gopal when my father came.

3. I had watched Gopal when my father came.

4. I was watching Gopal when my father was reading newspaper.

The patient had died before the doctor came.

The patient died after the doctor had come.

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 8

3. Different Usages
Present tense:
1. Nabila along with her friends always tries to bring peace among people.
2. The electronic device of Mr. Kabir is clicking now.
3. Our instructors including Shubhro have worked a lot to make qualitative changes.
4. Permanent employees including Shakilchowdhury have been contributing to a great extent since their
joining.
Past tense:
1. Nafisa devoted a great effort to get chance in Bangladesh Bank.
2. Scientists were researching the planet to bring a dramatic change.
3. Players had attempted their best to make a big score.
4. Australian team had been trying to defeat Bangladesh Cricket team.
Future tense:
1. Nafi will get chance in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
2. Bangladeshi economists will be presenting on climate change effect on world economy.
3. The Russian astronauts will have completed their project by 2017.
4. Japanese will have been working on implementing quality control technique in education.

USES OF TENSES
Simple present tense:
a) To express a habitual action
 Rafsan always makes mistakes in mathematics.
 Farhan frequently runs faster than his friends.
 Educated people go for a walk every day.
b) To express general truths
 The sun sets in the west.
 Fortune favors the brave.
 Honey is sweet.
 Man is mortal.
c) In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and express what is actually taking place in the present.
 Here comes the train!
 There Rana goes!
d) In vivid narrative as substitute for the simple past tense
 King Solomon immediately runs to her queen.
 Rustom hurries to capital.
e) To indicate a future event that is part of a plan or arrangement.
 Hasan leaves for Newyork by the next plane.
 When does the university reopen?
f) To introduce qoutations
 He said, “Man is mortal”
 We admitted, “A thing of beauty is joy forever”.
g) In clauses of time and of condition
 I will wait till he comes.
 If it rains, we won’t come.
h) For some types of verb simple present tense is used instead of continuous tense.
 I see a bird.
 She loves her mother.
 We feel well today.

Present Continuous tense:

a) For an action going on at the time of speaking
 Our teachers are dancing.
 The boys are playing cricket.
Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 9
b) For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of speaking
 I am reading “The Mid-Summer Night”
 Adiba is cleaning the whole building.
c) For an action that is planned or arranged to take place in the near future.
 We are going to concert tonight.
 My mother is arriving tomorrow.
d) When the reference is made to a particularly obstinate habit – something which persists in in spite of advice
or warning, we use the present continuous with an adverb like always, continuously, continually, constantly
etc.
 My dog is very silly. It is always running out on the road.
 My friend is very naughty. He is continually disturbing the girls.
e) Verbs on account of their meaning are not normally used in the continuous tense
Verbs of perception- see, hear, smell, notice, like, recognize
Verbs of appearing- appear, look, seem
Verbs of emotion- want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer
Verbs of thinking- think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, understand,
imagine, mean, mind
Have (posses) – own, posses, belong to, contain, consist of, be etc.
These verbs are used in the simple present but they may be used in the continuous tenses with a change in
meaning.
 I am thinking of going to America. (I am considering the idea of)
 Rafa is minding the baby while his husband is out shopping. (He is looking after)
Present perfect tense:
a) To indicate completed activities in the immediate past
 They have just given the exam.
 We have already taken the tea.
b) To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite.
 Have they gone to America?
 I had never seen him to be polite.
 We have been to Japan.
c) To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the action itself
 Farhan has eaten all the bananas. (There aren’t left for you)
 I have cut my toe. (It is bleeding now)
 I have finished my lecture (I am free now)
d) To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment
 He has been ill since last week.
 We have lived here for ten weeks.
 We haven’t seen the Padma for several months.
e) The following adverb, adverb phrases and phrases can generally be used with the present perfect tense: just,
often, never, ever, so far, till now, yet, already, since, today, this week, this month.
 He has already gone there.
 I haven’t taken my dinner yet.
Present perfect continuous tense:
a) For an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing;
 He has been playing for five hours.
 They have been building the Padma Bridge for several months.
b) For an action already finished. In such cases the continuity of the activity is emphasized as an explanation of
something.
 Why are you tired? – I have been playing cricket.
 Why are your clothes dirty?- I have been watering the garden.
Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 10
Simple past tense:
a) To indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
 Our ship sailed yesterday.
 He received my letter a month ago.
 They left university last year.
b) Sometimes without an adverb of time. In such cases, the may be either implied or indicated by the context.
 He learnt English in England.
 I didn’t write the proposal.
 He defeated me by 20 runs.
c) For past habits
 They studied many hours every day.
 They always carried their books.
Past Continuous tense:
a) To denote an action going on at some time in the past. The time of the action may or may not be indicated.
 We were listening to BBC news all evening.
 The train was getting slower.
 The light went out while he was making a plan.
 When we tried to study, he was playing in the field.
b) For persistent habits in the past- used with always, continually etc.
 They were always crying.
 We were continually disturbing the boys.
Past perfect tense:
a) If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which action happened earlier than the
other. In such cases, the simple past is used in one clause and the past perfect in the other.
 When she saw him at the station, the poor man had come to them.
 I had done my internship when I got a job.
Past perfect continuous tense:
a) For an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time
 At that time my father had been dating with my mom for two months.
 When Nishat came to the school, Mr. Kabir had already been taking classes for six years.
Simple future tense:
a) For an action that has still to take place.
 I shall see a doctor tomorrow.
 They will come to us in the next month.
Note: Simple future tense can also be expressed with Present Continuous tense.
 He is going to have dinner tonight with his friends.
 They are going to build a new hotel beside the sea beach.
Future continuous tense:
a) An action as going on at some time in future;
 I shall be delivering the lecture then.
 They will be coming by that time.
When I reach office, my subordinates will be working.
b) For future events that are planned;
 They will be waiting here till he comes.
 We will be meeting him next week.
Future perfect tense:
a) To indicate the completion of an action by a certain future time
 I shall have prepared my business plan before the boss orders.
 Before the detective comes here, the thieves will have left the place.

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 11

Future perfect continuous tense:
a) To indicate an action represented as being in progress over a period of time that will end in the future.
 By next January, we will have been working here for ten years at a stretch.
 When he graduates, he will have been studying at Oxford University for 15 years.
Please note: You should never use two future clause together in a complex sentence. One clause has to be in present tense.
I will go if he will comes.
I will do his duty when he will goes.
Class Practice 02:
1. The earth (move/moves/moved) round the sun.
2. My friends (see/have seen/saw) the prime minister yesterday
3. I (sent/have sent/shall send) him only a letter up to now.
4. I shall telephone you when he (comes/will come/came) back.
5. It started to rain while we (are playing/were playing/had played) tennis.
6. Can I have some milk before I (go/am going/shall go) to bed.
7. He (falls/fell/has fallen) asleep while he was driving.
8. I am sure I (saw/have seen/had seen) him at the party last night.
9. He (have/has/ is having) a mill in this town.
10. He (worked/is working/has been working) here for the last five years.
11. He thanked me for what I (have done/had done/have been doing)
12. I (hear/am hearing/have been hearing) a strange noise.
13. I (know/have known/am knowing) him for a long time.
14. We (study/am studying/have been studying) for English for five years.
15. Don’t disturb me. I (do/did/am doing) my homework.
16. Adib (wants/wanting/is wanting) to be a doctor.
17. I (am/shall be/have been) forty next birthday.
18. If you (start/started/will start) at once, you will arrive by six o’clock.
19. He (has gone/had gone/went) out five minutes ago.
20. When he lived in Dhaka, he (goes/went/was going) to the cinema once a week.
21. The baby (cries/has been crying) all morning.
22. She (hasn’t been seen/didn’t see/am not seeing) this week.
Class Practice 03:
1. This paper (is appearing/appearing/appears) twice weekly.
2. By this time next year Adnan (takes/will take/will have taken) his University degree.
3. She (is playing/has played/has been playing) in the concert tomorrow evening.
4. The Headmaster (wants/is wanting/was wanting) to speak to you.
5. I (bought/have bought/had bought) a new bicycle last week.
6. Here are your shoes; I (just clean/just cleaned/have just cleaned) them.
7. It (rained/is raining/has been raining) since early morning.
8. I (did/have done/had done) a lot of work today.
9. I (smell/am smelling/have been smelling) something burning.
10. Men (never managed/have never managed/will have never managed) to abolish wars up to now, but maybe
they will find a way in the future.
11. The train (left/has left/had left) before we reached the station.
12. I meant to repair the radio, but (am not having/haven’t had/did not have) time to do it today.
13. We can’t have a fire here until we (sweep/shall sweep/shall be sweeping) the chimney.
14. When I get home my dog (sits/will be sitting/has been sitting) at the door waiting for me.
15. The town (is changing/changed/has changed) its appearance completely since 2000.
16. When I pay him tomorrow, he (has received/has been receiving/will have received) everything I owe him.
17. Do you think you (have seen/had seen/were seeing) me somewhere before?
18. When we went to the cinema, the film (already started/had already started/would already start).
19. She jumped off the bus while it (moved/had moved/was moving).
20. We (finished/have finished/had finished) our breakfast half an hour ago.
21. I (didn’t see/haven’t seen/hadn’t seen) him since we met a year ago.
22. I know all about the film because I (saw/ have seen/had seen) it twice.
Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 12
BEFORE/AFTER

Subject1 + Past Perfect +----- before ---Subject2+Simple Past Tense

Subject1+Simple Past-----------after ----subject2 + Past Perfect

Class Practice 04: Make necessary Correction.

1. He went to school before we had told him anything.
2. Before we had reached the destination, he hadn’t believed that we came.
3. We hadn’t didn’t solve it after we had discussed the matter with them.
4. After the poor had gone went there, the rich had sneered at them.

ALREADY/YET
‘Already’ is used in affirmative sentences whereas ‘yet’ is used in negative sentences.
Already + Subject+ have+ Verb3+ Extension
Subject + Have/Has+ Already +Verb3 +Extension
Subject +Have/Has +Verb+ Extension + already

Subject + Have/Has +Not +Verb3 + Extension +Yet

Subject +Have/Has+ Yet+ Verb in infinitive form+ Extension

Class Practice 05:

1. Already/yet he has called the doctor.
2. He has already/yet called the doctor.
3. He has called the doctor already/yet.
4. He has not called the doctor yet/already.
5. He has already/yet to call the doctor.
SINCE/FOR (Perfect/Perfect continuous)
Since is used to denote Point of Time such as- last year, Monday, January, 2010 etc. whereas for is used to denote
Duration of Time such as- 20 years, fifty hours, 20 minutes etc.
Class Practice 06:
1. He had been working here for/since five hours.
2. They have been waiting here for/since Monday.
3. We have not eaten since/for the last year.
4. They have been preparing the assignment for/since a few days.

I will be there __from____ 5 pm.

FROM/SINCE
Since and from both denote Point of Time but,
1. “Since” is usually used in perfect tense whereas “from” is used in other tenses
2. “Since” is used to denote “Past” or “bygone” point of time whereas “from” can be used for any point of time.
 We have lived in this house since we got married. (not from)
 I've been here since 8 o'clock this morning so I'm going home now. (not from)
 I will be here from 8 o'clock tomorrow. (not since)
 The shop is open from 9 a.m on Saturdays. (not since)
 From the 1920s until his death, Picasso lived in France. (not since)

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 13

WHILE/WHEN
Subject1+ Past continuous + while + Subject2+ Past Continuous
While + Subject1+ Past continuous +-------- + Subject2+ Past Continuous
While + Subject1+ Past continuous +-------- + Subject2+ Simple Past
When + Subject1+ Simple Past +-------- + Subject2+ Past Continuous
Subject1+ Past continuous + When + Subject2+ Simple Past
Class Practice 07: Make necessary correction
1. When he was driving the car, his wife was singing a song.
2. He was collecting the materials when his friend was playing football.
3. While we went there, they were leaving the place.
4. They were coming while we made a big plan.
SOME/ANY
‘Some’ is used in affirmative sentence whereas ‘Any’ is used in negative sentence and questions.
Class Practice 08:
1. We have got any/some information.
2. They could not collect any/some materials.
3. Had we given some/any questions?
Some special cases of tense
Temporary or permanent
Present Continuous tense Present simple tense
For a routine or situation that we see as temporary for a short For a routine or situation that we see as
period of time. permanent.
Example: Example:
1. I am working at this grocery store for the last six days. 1. I work at the grocery store.
2. At this moment they are living in a small flat. 2. They live in a very big flat.
Always
Present continuous tense Simple present tense
Always= very often, too often (Repeated Action) Always = every time
Example: Example:
1. Sohel is always making good results in 1. He always makes bad results in the final exam.
the exam. 2. They always make silly mistakes.
2. They are always making silly mistakes
State or action
A state means something staying the same. An action means something happening.
State verbs cannot usually be continuous. Action verbs can be either simple or continuous.
Example: Example:
1. The shirt is white 1. They are painting the door.
2. They own the apartment. 2. We are purchasing the apartment.
3. These books consist of grammar. 3. They are collecting the materials.
Incorrect:
1. They are owning an apartment. I am playing.
2. This is consisting of black and white I am honest.
Gone to/been to
1. Mr. Sadman has gone to Dhaka. (=he is still there)
2. Mr. Sadman has been to Dhaka ( = he is no more there)

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 14

Sentence connector vs Phrase Connector:
The following words are confusing but very easy to remember. Some words cannot be used in connecting sentences
but are used to connect phrases. On the other hand, some words have to be used to connect phrases.
Sentence Connector Phrase Connector
Because, Since, as Because of, Owing to, due to
Even though, Although, Though Despite, In spite of
For For
While During
When At the time of
For example:
Incorrect: Because of he was a brilliant student, everybody liked him.
Correct: Because he was a brilliant student, everybody liked him.
Incorrect: we didn’t mention his name since his inability to join the seminar.
Correct: we didn’t mention his name owing to his inability to join the seminar.

Class Practice 09:

1. Despite he was a brilliant boy, nobody never knew anything about him.
2. The recently developed mechanisms are well accepted even though of its sophistication.
3. Our faculties are our resources for the reason we can attract many customers using them.
4. We usually do not deliver lecture during we remain busy.
5. Our instructors are not taking any rest at all owing to they are supposed to render quality services.

VOCAB
Word Meaning
101 burgeon grow and flourish
102 burnish polish and make shiny
103 buttress a support usually of stone or brick
104 cacophonous having an unpleasant sound
105 cadge obtain or seek to obtain by wheedling
106 callous emotionally hardened
107 calumny a false accusation of an offense
108 canard a deliberately misleading fabrication
109 canon a collection of books accepted as holy scripture
110 cant a slope in the turn of a road or track
111 cantankerous stubbornly obstructive and unwilling to cooperate
112 capricious determined by chance or impulse rather than by
113 captious necessity
tending to find and call attention to faults
114 cardinal a vivid red color
115 carnal of or relating to the body or flesh
116 carping persistent petty and unjustified criticism
117 cartography the making of maps and charts
118 caste a hereditary social class among Hindus
119 castigation verbal punishment
120 cataclysm a sudden violent change in the earth's surface
121 catalyst substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical
122 categorical reaction
relating to or included in a class or classes
123 caucus meet to select a candidate or promote a policy
124 causal involving an entity that produces an effect
125 caustic capable of destroying or eating away by chemical
126 celestial action
relating to or inhabiting a divine heaven
127 centrifugal tending to move away from a center
128 centripetal tending to move toward an area in the middle
129 champion someone who has won first place in a competition

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 15

130 chasten censure severely
131 chicanery the use of tricks to deceive someone
132 chivalry the medieval principles governing knightly conduct
133 churlish having a bad disposition; surly
134 circuitous deviating from a straight course
135 clairvoyant someone who can perceive things not present to the
136 clamor senses
utter or proclaim insistently and noisily
137 clique an exclusive circle of people with a common purpose
138 coagulate change from a liquid to a thickened or solid state
139 cloister residence that is a place of religious seclusion
140 coalesce fuse or cause to come together
141 coda the closing section of a musical composition
142 codify organize into a system, such as a body of law
143 cognizant having or showing knowledge or understanding or
144 collage realization
a paste-up of pieces to form an artistic image
145 commensurate corresponding in size or degree or extent
146 compendium a publication containing a variety of works
147 complacent contented to a fault with oneself or one's actions
148 complaisant showing a cheerful willingness to do favors for others
149 complement something added to embellish or make perfect
150 compliant disposed to act in accordance with someone's wishes
151 compunction a feeling of deep regret, usually for some misdeed
152 concave curving inward
153 conciliatory making or willing to make concessions
154 concoct make something by mixing
155 concomitant following or accompanying as a consequence
156 condone excuse, overlook, or make allowances for
157 confound be confusing or perplexing to
158 congenial suitable to your needs
159 conjugal relating to the relationship between a wife and
160 connoisseur husband
an expert able to appreciate a field
161 conscript enroll into service compulsorily
162 consecrate give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause
163 contend compete for something
164 contentious showing an inclination to disagree
165 continence voluntary control over urinary and fecal discharge
166 contrite feeling or expressing pain or sorrow for sins or
167 contumacious offenses
willfully obstinate; stubbornly disobedient
168 conundrum a difficult problem
169 contiguous having a common boundary or edge
170 convention the act of meeting formally
171 converge be adjacent or come together
172 convex curving or bulging outward
173 convivial occupied with or fond of the pleasures of good
174 convoluted highlycompany
complex or intricate
175 copious large in number or quantity
176 coquette talk or behave amorously, without serious intentions
177 cornucopia a horn filled with fruit and grain symbolizing
178 cosmology prosperity
metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the
179 covert secretuniverse
or hidden
180 covetous immoderately desirous of acquiring something
181 cozen be dishonest with
182 craven lacking even the rudiments of courage; abjectly
183 credence fearfulattitude that something is believable
the mental
184 credo any system of principles or beliefs

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 16

185 daunt cause to lose courage
186 dearth an insufficient quantity or number
187 debauchery a wild gathering involving drinking and promiscuity
188 decorum propriety in manners and conduct
189 defame charge falsely or with malicious intent
190 default an option that is selected automatically
191 deference courteous regard for people's feelings
192 defunct no longer in force or use; inactive
193 delineate represented accurately or precisely
194 demographic a statistic characterizing human populations
195 demotic of or for the common people
196 demur politely refuse or take exception to
197 denigrate charge falsely or with malicious intent
198 denizen a plant or animal naturalized in a region
199 denouement the outcome of a complex sequence of events
200 deride treat or speak of with contempt

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTIONS

One who is quite like a woman Effeminate That through which light can pass Transparent
One who has strange habits Eccentric That through which light cannot pass Opaque
One who speaks less Reticent That through which light can partly pass Translucent
One who goes on foot Pedestrian A sentence whose meaning is unclear Ambiguous
One who believes in fate Fatalist A place where orphans live Orphanage
One who dies without a Will Intestate That which cannot be described Indescribable
One who always thinks himself to be ill Valetudinarian That which cannot be imitated Inimitable
A Government by the people Democracy That which cannot be avoided Inevitable
A Government by a king or queen Monarchy A position for which no salary is paid Honorary
A Government by the officials Bureaucracy That which cannot be defended Indefensible
A Government by the rich Plutocracy Practice of having several wives Polygamy
A Government by the few Oligarchy Practice of having several husbands Polyandry
A Government by the Nobles Aristocracy Practice of having one wife or husband Monogamy
A Government by one Autocracy Practice of having two wives or husbands Bigamy
Rule by the mob Mobocracy That which is not likely to happen Improbable

-Home Exercise 01-

1. Beginning in 1285, various commissions were set up in London for addressing the problem of coal smoke,
of which complainants said had "infected and corrupted" the air.
A. for addressing the problem of coal smoke, of B. by addressing the coal smoke problem,
C. to address the problem of coal smoke, D. to address the problem of coal smoke, of
E. to address the coal smoke problem,
2. Over the years, Cahokia people built more than one hundred earthen mounds of various sizes and functions
around six open plazas, some of which remains can still be seen after five hundred years of erosion.
A. some of which remains can still B. some of the remains of which still to
C. the remains of some, which can still D. the remains of some of which still to
E. the remains of some of which can still
3. Banjo Peterson celebrated shearers, drovers, and life in the outback with poetry, it still defines how Australians
see themselves—and how the world sees Australia.
A. poetry, it still defines B. poetry, still defining
C. poetry, still it defines D. poetry that still defines
E. poetry and still defining
4. The program, and they consider it a model of health care that can be improved, so far involves patients with two
diseases: diabetes and congestive heart failure.
A. and they consider it a model of health care that
B. considered by them to be a model for health care, which
Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 17
C. which, considered as a model of health care and how it
D. which is considered a model for how health care
E. which they consider a model for health care, it
5. Fireflies, or lightning bugs, are actually soft-bodied beetles, most of whom producing light in special organs
located in the undersides of their abdomens.
A. of whom producing B. of which produce
C. of them produce D. produce E. to produce
6. he educator's remarks stressed that well-funded literacy programs are needed if everyone is to gain the skills
required for survival in society.
A. that well-funded literacy programs are needed if everyone is to gain
B. that well-funded literacy programs needed in gaining
C. there is a need of well-funded literacy programs for everyone will gain
D. a need for well-funded literacy programs and everyone will gain
E. why well-funded literacy programs being necessary for everyone in gaining
7. Between 1790 and 1860, the United States grew from a small nation of four million people, mostly farmers, and
will become one of the world's leading economic powers, with a population of 31 million.
A. and will become B. and would become
C. so that it will become D. to become E. to becoming
8. In 1970, the United States government identified as major pollutants carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead, and it
had set goals for limiting those pollutants based on a scientific determination of the risk that each pollutant
posed to human health.
A. lead, and it had set B. lead, and which set
C. lead, and to set D. lead, and set E. lead and setting
9. The memoirs of President Clinton begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate in his rise to the
presidency.
A. begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate
B. that begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate
C. have begun with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate
D. have begun with his childhood in Arkansas and culminating
E. began with his childhood in Arkansas and are culminated
10. The notion that a biography should be full of praise and free of criticism prevailed during most of the nineteenth
century.
A. The notion that a biography should be full of praise and free of criticism prevailed during most of the nineteenth century.
B. The notion that prevailed about a biography during most of the nineteenth century was that of being full of praise and free of criticism.
C. During most of the nineteenth century, they had a prevalent notion that a biography should be full of praise and free of criticism.
D. Prevalent as a notion during most of the nineteenth century was for a biography to be full of praise and free of criticism.
E. Prevalent during most of the nineteenth century, the notion prevailed that a biography should be full of praise and free of criticism.
11. The first African American woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for poetry, Gwendolyn Brooks with her special
interest in encouraging young poets.
A. with her special interest in encouraging B. had a special interest in encouraging
C. she had a special interest to encourage D. who had a special interest in encouraging
E. having had a special interest, which was to encourage
12. First run in 1867 and still taking place every summer, the Belmont Stakes, a horse race for thoroughbred three-
year-olds, was one of the oldest races in the United States.
A. was B. is C. were D. are E. has been
13. The gong was believed to have originated in Western Asia, reached China in the sixth century, where it
continues to be used for a wide range of purposes, including as a military signal, a rhythmic accompaniment for
vocal performance, and a ritual instrument.
A. The gong was believed to have originated in Western Asia, reached
B. The gong, it is believed, originated in Western Asia, reached
C. The gong, believed to have originated in Western Asia, reached
D. The gong is believed to originate in Western Asia, and reaching
E. The gong, they believe, has originated in Western Asia, reaching
14. The most notorious quick-draw gunman of the Texas frontier, John Wesley Hardin's exploits were written
about in an autobiography published posthumously, The Life of John Wesley Hardin as Written by Himself.
A. John Wesley Hardin's exploits were written about
Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 18
B. John Wesley Hardin's exploits are recorded
C. John Wesley Hardin wrote about his exploits
D. the exploits of John Wesley Hardin were written about
E. the exploits of John Wesley Hardin are recorded
15. Samuel Adams was by no means the first American to espouse the democratic cause, but he has been the first
who conceived the party machinery that made it practical.
A. has been the first who conceived B. had been the first who conceived
C. was the first having conceived D. was the first to conceive
E. having been the first to conceive
16. Until about 10,000 years ago, humans had lived almost exclusively as hunters and gatherers, harvesting wild
plants and animals, then, people had begun to cultivate domesticated plants, and to grow food.
A. animals, then, people had begun B. animals, people then began
C. animals, so that then, people had begun D. animals; so that then, people began
E. animals; then, people began
17. In 1990, the Fish and Wildlife Service has placed the northern spotted owl on the threatened species list, a
native of Pacific Northwest forests.
A. the Fish and Wildlife Service has placed the northern spotted owl on the threatened species list, a native of
Pacific Northwest forests
B. the Fish and Wildlife Service placed the northern spotted owl, a native of Pacific Northwest forests, on the
threatened species list
C. a native of Pacific Northwest forests, the Fish and Wildlife Service placed the northern spotted owl on the
threatened species list
D. the northern spotted owl has been placed on the threatened species list by the Fish and Wildlife Service,
which is a native of Pacific Northwest forests
E. the northern spotted owl, a native of pacific Northwest forests, placed on the threatened species list by the
Fish and Wildlife Service
18. A gale-force solar storm that hit the Earth on March 13, 1989, sent electrons arcing across power lines, railroad
tracks, and expanses of iron-bearing rock in eastern Canada, where alarmed engineers tried but failed to
keep the Hydro-Quebec power grid operating.
A. tried but failed to keep B. tried but failed in their keeping
C. had tried but were failing in keeping D. were trying but having failed to keep
E. were trying but they had failed in keeping

-Home Exercise 02-

1. Just ⎯⎯ created the fantastic Jade masterpiece is unknown.
A. whether B. why C. who D. by whom E. whose
2. Monteverdi, ⎯⎯ works were mainly written on commission for private theaters of wealthy Italian
nobility, wrote his final opera in 1642.
A. which B. who C. whom D. that E. whose
3. That the children –––– are disabled cannot enjoy toys designed for non-disabled youngsters is the subject
of the report.
A. which B. whoever C. whose D. who E. whom
4. T.A. Watson’s business involved building models for inventors ⎯⎯ had ideas but lacked the means or
skills to execute them.
A. who B. when C. whose D. to whom E. for whom
5. Doctors agree that patients ––––– are suffering from colds and minor respiratory illnesses should try to
reduce needless office visits.
A. which B. whoever C. whose D. who E. whom
6. Those for ⎯⎯ skiing is an obsession would find life in the snowy mountains to their liking.
A. which B. that C. for whom D. whose E. whom
7. An organism can not grow without food, ⎯⎯materials to build its cells.
A. who delivers B. whose delivery C. which delivers D. it delivers E. them delivers
8. Children ⎯⎯ mothers drink heavily during pregnancy are often born with congenital defects.
A. their B. who have C. whose D. who E. for whom

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 19

9. A language laboratory has audio equipment placed in booths ⎯⎯⎯ students listen to language tapes.
A. how B. in that C. where D. who E. which
10. We thank many editors ⎯⎯⎯ assisted us in the preparation of this book.
A. they B. whose C. whom D. who E. for whom
11. During the American Revolutionary War, about 14,000 British loyalists returned to Britain, ⎯⎯⎯ in 1783.
A. most of whom B. most of them C. mostly, they D. much other E. a many of them
12. Charlie Chaplain was a comedian —— was best known for his work in silent movies.
A. who B. which C. whose D. what E. whom

13. In a parliamentary system, it is not the monarch but the prime minister ——.
A. whom the real power B. who has the real power
C. whose has the real power D. who the real power
E. whom has the real powers
14. Charlie Chaplain was the comedian —— we all requested to perform again.
A. who B. which C. whose D. whom E. for who

15. The test is going well. We –––– any problems.

A. didn't have B. haven't had C. might have D. couldn't have
16. He –––– dress formally to work but he always ––––.
A. has not to, has B. does not have to, does
C. has got to, would not D. does not require to, would
17. It has been over three centuries –––– Shahjahan –––– the TajMahal.
A. ago, build B. when, has built
C. since, built D. years, dreamt
18. I found it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I –––– my ticket.
A. had lost B. will lose C. have been lost D. have lost
19. By this time next month, the government –––– resigned.
A. would have B. will have C. will D. have
20. These grapes –––– sour.
A. tasting B. are tasting C. tastes D. taste
21. When Musa finally arrived at the concert, he suddenly realized that he ––– his ticket at home.
A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left
22. I prefer –––– what I like even though it –––– not having much money.
A. to doing, mean B. doing, means C. to do, may D. doing, mean
23. He bought a new car because his old one –––– down.
A. broke B. had broken C. has broken D. was broken
24. When we arrived at the shop, we noticed that someone––– into the place.
A. had broken B. broke C. had been breaking D. would break
25. The baby –––– since morning.
A. cries B. has cried C. has been crying D. have been crying
26. By 2022, I –––– for this firm for 15 years.
A. will be working B. will work C. have worked D. will have worked
27. When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm, Mite was annoyed with me because I was late and she –––– for
me for a very long time.
A. had been waiting B. waited C. is waiting D. has waiting
28. Neela –––– her hand when she was cooking dinner.
A. burn B. is burning C. was burning D. burnt
29. Having been irritated,________.
A. the dog bites me B. I was bitten by a dog
C. a dog bite me D. a dog bit me
30. My friend –––– before I came.
A. would be leaving B. had been leaving
C. had left D. will leave
31. Rahim –––– his work by the time his friends arrived.
A. will finish B. had finished

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 20

C. has finished D. having finished
32. He has just –––– out.
A. gone B. went C. going D. getting
33. She had been –––– as much money as she could for the rainy days.
A. safe-keeping B. savings C. save D. saving E. spending
34. I quickly lost interest in Mr. Rahim's story because he was –––– himself.
A. repetitions B. repeated C. repeating D. repeatedly E. repeats
35. He had written the book before he –––.
A. retired B. had retired C. has retired D. will be retired
36. As the sun ––––, I decided to go out.
A. has shone B. shine C. shines D. was shining
37. Do not make a noise while your father ––––
A. is sleeping B. has slept C. asleep D. is being sleep
38. She told me his name after he ––––
A. left B. had left C. has left D. has been leaving
39. I started for school as soon as I –––– the bell.
A. have heard B. was hearing C. am heard D. heard
40. Just now he –––– his dinner but he says he'll see you when he's finished.
A. is having B. has had C. was having D. had
41. Three fourths of the work –––– finished.
A. have been B. had C. has been D. were
42. The path –––– paved, so we were able to walk through.
A. was B. had been C. has been D. being
43. Twenty years –––– since my father died.
A. has passed B. have passed C. pass D. passed
44. His uncle arrived while he –––– the dinner.
A. would cook B. had cooked C. cook D. was cooking
45. Saima was reading a book ––– waiting for the bus.
A. as though B. when C. while D. as
46. By the end of the twenty-first century, the computer –––– a necessity in every home.
A. became B. becoming C. has become D. will have become E. have become
47. A rumour went that she –––– at the examination.
A. has cheated B. had cheated C. found cheating D. caught cheating
48. He replied that she –––– some natural ––––.
A. could done, clothes B. could gift, flowers
C. can take, things D. can look, scenes
49. –––– living in –––– of electronics.
A. They were, a era B. She was, shop
C. He is, store room D. We are, an age
50. I opened the door as soon as I –––– the bell
A. have heard B. was hearing C. am heard D. heard

Choose the Correct Sentence. (51-59).

51. A. He said that he will finish the project by May.
B. He said that he would finish the project by May.
C. He says that he would finish the project by May.
D. He say that he will finish the project by May.
E. He had say that he will finish the project by May.
52. A. Mark thinks he was going to win the award.
B. Mark thought he is going to win the award.
C. Mark thought he was going to win the award.
D. Mark thinks he was being going to win the award.
E. Mark thinks he was to being going to win the award.
53. A. Steve said that he will make the dessert for the party.
B. Steve says that he would make the dessert for the party.

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 21

C. Steve says that he will have make the dessert for the party.
D. Steve said that he would make the dessert for the party.
E. Steve said that he would made the dessert for the party.
54. A. Lou told his friends that they are good tennis players.
B. Lou told his friends that they were good tennis players.
C. Lou has tell his friends that they are good tennis players.
D. Lou had told his friends that they are good tennis players.
E. Lou had told his friends that they good tennis players.

55. A. I realized that they are older than they look.

B. I realized that they will be older than they look.
C. I realize that they were older than they look.
D. I realized that they were older than they looked.
E. I realized that they were older then they looked.
56. A. Mary Ellen said that she eats three well-balanced meals every day.
B. Mary Ellen said that she’ll eat three well-balanced meals every day.
C. Mary Ellen said that she ate three well- balanced meals everyday.
D. Mary Ellen says that she would eat three well-balanced meals every day.
E. None of the above
57. A. The student was asking the professor when the class will do the next experiment.
B. The student was asking the professor when the class will have done the next experiment.
C. The student had been asking the professor when the class will do the next experiment.
D. The student was asking the professor when the class would do the next experiment.
E. None of the above
58. A. We hoped that you can play tennis later.
B. We hoped that you can have play tennis later.
C. We had hope that you can play tennis later.
D. We hoped that you could play tennis later.
E. We hope that you can have play tennis later.
59. A. We know that you may move to France next year.
B. We knew that you might move to France next year.
C. We know that you may moved to France next year.
D. Both A and B are correct.
E. None of the above
60. Each July we _______ to Turkey for a holiday.
A. are going B. go C. was going D. were going E. went
61. The growing number of visitors ______ the footpaths.
A. is damaging B. damages C. are damaging D. was damaging E. damaged
62. Jane _______ just a few minutes ago.
A. left B. has left C. leaves D. had left E.leave
63. Timson ______ 13 films and I think her latest is the best.
A. made B. had made C. has made D. was making E. make
64. ________ Robert lately?
A. Did you see B. Have you seen C. Do you see D. Are you seeing E. You did see
65. When I was a child ________ the violin.
A. I was playing B. I'm playing C. I play D. I played E. plays
66. _______ until midnight last night.
A. I have been reading B. I read C. I had read D. I have read E. I has been read
67. He _____ for the national team in 65 matches so far.
A. has played B. had been playing C. played D. is playing E. plays
68. Sorry we're late, we _________ the wrong turning.
A. had taken B. were tanking C. took D. are taking E. takes
69. She ________ from flu when she was interviewed.
A. was suffering B. had been suffering C. had suffered D. suffered E. suffers
70. If you look carefully, you _________ find writing scratched on the glass.

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 22

A. can B. are going to C. shall D. would E. may have
71. I think it ___________ soon.
A. is going rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining E. rained
72. Wait here until I ___________ you.
A. will call B. am calling C. am going to call D. call E. calls
73. I won't be able to meet you next week, I ____________ in London for a few days.
A. would be staying B. will stay C. stay D. am staying E. stays
74. I _____________ you by the Sixteenth December.
A. will meet B. will have met C. would have met D. should have met E. will be meet
75. I — him recently.
A. saw B. has seen C. see D. have seen E. may be
76. He — home just now.
A. had returned B. has returned C. returned D. returns E. return
77. In a chess game the player with the white pieces always —— first.
A. will be move B. move C. moves D. is to move E. move
78. Always ------ diskettes to their envelopes as soon as you remove them from the disk drive.
A. they return B. it is returned C. a return D. return E. returns
79. That day I got up early, because I –––– guests of the house.
A. was invited B. had invited C. have invited D. got invitation E. have invitation
80. He said that he ⎯ be unable to come.
A. will B. shall C. should D. would E. will be
81. Which sentence is correct?
A. When the police seen the thief, he ran away.
B. When the thief saw the police, he ran away.
C. When the thief seen the police, he ran away.
D. When the thief sees the police, he ran away.
E. When the thief sees the police, he had run away.
82. As soon as I came in, she ⎯ the room.
A. was leaving B. had been leaving C. left D. has left E. leaving
83. Which one is correct?
A. He is thought that it is raining. B. He thought that it will be raining
C. He thought that it will rain. D. He thought that it would rain
E. He thought that it will be a rain.
84. It ⎯ a great shock to everyone because he had not said a word for 10 years.
A. was B. is C. will be D. are E. had
85. Rahim did not get admission because he−
A. did not enough study B. had not enough study
C. did not study enough D. had not studied enough
E. had not have studied enough
86. It seemed that ⎯
A. the day will never end B. the day would never end
C. the day never ends D. the day never ended
E. None of the Above
87. Hello, Bashir, I didn’t expect to see you today. Sharmin said you ⎯ ill.
A. are B. were C. was D. should be E. be
88. Which of the following is a correct sentence?
A. She denied that she had been written the letter.
B. She denied that she had written the letter.
C. She denied that she wrote the letter.
D. She denied that she has written the letter.
E. None of the above
89. They asked me what I have taken for breakfast. (Find which word is wrong)
A. asked B. what C. have taken D. for E. they
90. Selim is absent because he ⎯ a cold.
A. is having B. have C. will have D. has E. have been
Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 23
91. He said that he ⎯⎯ be faithful to his promise.
A. will B. may C. would D. wants E. might
92. By Saturday next, ⎯⎯ her assignment anyway.
A. she will complete B. she will have complete
C. she would be completed D. she will be completing
E. she will have completed
93. They ⎯⎯⎯ the cannel from 1915 to 1925 and it was open for public.
A. had excavate B. had excavated
C. had been excavated D. would excavated E. was excavated
94. She did not study well. So, −−−−−−− a bad result in the fourth coming exam.
A. she will be likely to make B. she is likely to make
C. she had been likely to make D. she was likely to make
E. she were likely to make
95. As she has an exam on Friday, −−−−−−−−−.
A. she has studying since morning B. she been studying since morning
C. she have been studying since morning D. she has been studying since morning
E. she had been studying since morning
96. The use of credit cards in place of cash –––––– rapidly in recent years.
A. was increased B. will have been increasing
C. has increased D. would increase
97. Advertisements on television –––––– more competitive after the Govt. had passed new rules.
A. became B. was become C. become D. are becoming
98. It –––––– since I met Farhana today morning.
A. rains B. rained C. has been raining D. has rained
99. There –––––– little change in the patient's condition since he visited.
A. are B. will be C. will have been D. has been
100. She disguised herself since I –––––– the questions on the media.
A. answered B. has answered C. had answered D. will have answered

-Writing-
1. Write a Paragraph on "Corona virus and activities of online education"
2. Application: You are a manager of a bank. One of your clients has requested you to reschedule a loan he had
taken. Write a reply to his letter, explaining way it is not possible, and requesting him to pay off on time. [JB
(EO/FA)-15, SB, Officer(IT)-2016, Officer-2018]
3. Short Note:
a) 4th Industrial Revolution
b) Cyber Security
c) Clearing House
d) Capital Market
4. Read the following passage and answer the questions below. [Sonali Bank, SO-18]
Climate change may produce hundreds of millions of environmental refugees, which is an environmental justice
concern. Those refugees may be displaced by rising tides, storm damage and changes in agricultural production.
Residents of low-lying Islands and low flood-prone countries may be dislocated as sea levels rise and river
floods become harder to control. Some skeptics dispute whether the changes are entirely man-made, but the vast
majority of experts believe that one of the major causes of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels, which
are the primary energy source for modern societies. The resulting gases carbon dioxide, methane, fluorocarbons,
and nitrous oxide, among others are released into the atmosphere. There, these gases combine with water vapor
and prevent the sun's infracted rays from radiating back into space. The trapped solar radiation contributes to
increased air temperature. In this way gases function much as do the glass panes of a greenhouse. Newly
released gases will remain in the atmosphere for thirty to a hundred years; since greenhouse gas emissions
continue to rise; their buildup in the atmosphere is expected to increase over time. Automobile exhaust, along
with industrial power plants and agricultural operations, produce most of the gasses that lead to climate change.
Deforestation also contributes to the warming because there are fewer trees and other plant life to absorb carbon
dioxide before it reaches the atmosphere.

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 24

Questions
a) Give a suitable title for the passage.
b) Explain the term 'environmental refugee'
c) Why do many professionals disagree with some skeptics?
d) What are the consequences of emitting detrimental rays?
e) How does forestation contribute in decreasing the global warming?

Answer Sheet Home Exercise 01:

1 C 2 E 3 D 4 D 5 B
6 A 7 D 8 D 9 A 10 A
11 B 12 B 13 C 14 C 15 D
16 E 17 B 18 A

Answer Keys Home Practice 2:

1.C, 2.E, 3.D, 4.A, 5.D, 6.E, 7.C, 8.C, 9.C, 10.D,
11.A, 12.A, 13.B, 14.D, 15.B, 16.B, 17.C, 18.A, 19.B, 20.D,
21.C, 22.B, 23.B, 24.A, 25.C, 26.D, 27.A, 28.D, 29.D, 30.C,
31.B, 32.A, 33.D, 34.C, 35.A, 36.D, 37.A, 38.B, 39.D, 40.A,
41.C, 42.B, 43.B, 44.D, 45.C, 46.D, 47.B, 48.B, 49.D, 50.D,
51.B 52.C 53.D 54.B 55.D 56.C 57.D 58.D 59.D 60.B
61.A 62.A 63.C 64.B 65.D 66.B 67.A 68.C 69.A 70.A
71.C 72.D 73.D 74.B 75.D 76.B 77.C 78.D 79.B 80.D
81.B 82.C 83.D 84.A 85.D 86.B 87.B 88.B 89.C 90.D
91.C 92.E 93.B 94.B 95.D 96.C 97.A 98.C 99.D 100.C

Class Practice 01 Correct Answers: 1.B, 2.B, 3. D, 4. C 5.B

Answer to Class Practice 02 Answer to Class Practice 03
1 Moves 12 Hear 1 Appears 12 Didn’t have
2 Saw 13 Know 2 Will have taken 13 Sweep
3 Have sent 14 Have been studying 3 Is playing 14 Sits
4 Comes 15 Am doing 4 Wants 15 Has changed
5 Were playing 16 Wants 5 Bought 16 Will have received
6 Go 17 Shall be 6 Have just cleaned 17 Have seen
7 Fell 18 Start 7 Has been raining 18 Had already started
8 Saw 19 Went 8 Have done 19 Was moving
9 Has 20 Went 9 Smell 20 Finished
10 Has been working 21 Has been crying 10 Have never managed 21 Haven’t seen
11 Had done 22 Hasn’t been seen 11 Had left 22 Have seen

Class Practice 04: Make necessary Correction. Class Practice 05:

1. He had gone to school before we told him anything. 1.Already 2. Already 3. Already 4.Yet 5.Yet
2. Before we reached the destination, he hadn’t believed that Class Practice 06:
we came. 1. For, 2. Since, 3. Since, 4. for
3. We didn’t solved it after we had discussed the matter with them. Class Practice 07: Make necessary correction
4. After the poor had gone there, the rich sneered at them. 1.While, 2. While, 3. When, 4. When
Class Practice 09: Class Practice 08:
1. Though/Although, 2.despite/in spite of, 3. Since our 1.Some, 2. Any, 3. any
faculties are our resources, we can attract many customers Answer keys of the passage:
using them., 4. When, 5. As 01.B, 02.A, 03.A, 04.C, 05.B, 06.D, 07.B, 08.D, 09.B, 10.C

Bridges Your Learning Gaps; For Admission: 01325 07 50 05 - 01325 07 50 04 Page | 25