Relative Clauses

Relative clauses are introduced with either a relative

pronoun or a relative adverb

Relative Pronouns
We use:

who(m)/that to refer to people

which/that to refer to things
whose with people, animals and objects to show possession
(instead of a possessive adjectives)

• Who, which, and that can be omitted when they are the
object of the relative clause:- He’s the person (who) I am
going to be working for.
• Whom can be used instead of who when it is the object of
the relative clause. Whom is always used instead of who or
that after a preposition:- That’s the girl to whom Rob was
speaking at the party last night.
• Who, which, or that is not omitted when it is the subject
of a relative clause. The woman who owns that restaurant is
French.
• Whose is never omitted. That’s the man whose son had
the accident.

Relative adverbs
We use:

i. when/that to refer to a time (and can be omitted) That

was the year (when/that) we finished school.
ii. where to refer to a place. The hospital where/was born
is closing down.
iii. why to give a reason, usually after the word reason
(why can be omitted). The reason (why) he did this is still
not clear.

1
Identifying and Non-Identifying Relative Clauses
An identifying relative clause gives necessary information
essential to the meaning of the main sentence. It is not put
in commas and is introduced with who, which, that,
whose, when or the reason (why), The man who sold me
the car said it had never broke down.

A non-identifying relative clause gives extra informal and is

not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. It is put
in commas and is introduced with who, whom, whose,
where, or when:- The man, who was very persuasive, sold
me the car for £1000.

Defining Relative Clauses

(Relative Pronouns)
‫ضمائر الوصل‬
-
Who
Join two sentences the name or the subject pronoun
has repeated in the second sentence.
Ex:- The boy came late. He was ill. (Subject Case)
The boy who was ill came late.
♣I know these women. They were dressed in red. (Object
Case)
I know these women who were dressed in red.

Which
Join two sentences the name or the subject pronoun
has repeated in the second sentence. (
‫)لغير العاقل‬
Ex:-The car broke down. It was old. (Subject Case)
The car which was old broke down.
♣This is the thirsty cow. It went to drink from the lake.
(Object
Case)
This is the thirsty cow which went to drink from the lake.

2
Whose ‫( للملكيه‬Possessive Adjectives)
Join two sentences on condition that there must be
possessive adjectives in the second sentence returned on
the name in the first sentence.
Ex:- Shakespeare is a famous play writer .I read all his plays.
(Subject
Case)
Shakespeare whose plays I read all is a famous play
writer.
♣I met Ali. His father is a teacher. (Object Case)
I met Ali whose father is a teacher.

Whom (Object Pronouns)

Join two sentences the name or the subject pronoun has
repeated in the second sentence as an object.
Ex:- The boy came late. I punished him. (Subject Case)
The boy whom I punished came late.
♣This is the pretty girl. I played with her. (Object Case)
This is the pretty girl whom I played with.

)‫ للفاعل (الاسم العاقل‬Who ‫ أذا جاءت الضمائر في الاختيار نضع‬:‫ملحوظه‬

‫ الاسم اوضميرلغير العاقل‬Which
‫صفه الملكيه‬ Whose
)‫ ضميرالمفعول (الاسم العاقل‬Whom
Rewrite:
1.The man is honoured by everybody. He serves his country.
(who)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
2. The boy was careless. The teacher punished him. (whom)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
3. The Nile goes through Egypt. It makes the soil fertile.
(which)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
4. The boy walked slowly. His leg was wounded. (whose)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
5. Merchants went from country to country. They carried
goods.

(who)

3
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
6. The doctor is clever. My father went to him. (whom)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
7. He took an axe. He cut some branches with it. (which)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.

8. I know the man. The thief stole clothes from his house.
(whose)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
9. This man is very strong. He works hard. (who)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
10. The children are playing. You bought a ball for them.
(whom)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
11. There was a fire. The Indians were dancing round it.
(which)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
12. A man died in the street yesterday. His name was Ali.
(whose)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.

13. Boys read many books. They wish to increase their

knowledge.

(who)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.

14. He went to an island. He lived alone on it. (which)

---------------------------------------------------------------------.
15. The boy felt great pain. His finger was hurt.
(whose)
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
Relative Pronouns
When, Where, Why
The relative adverbs are: when, where and why.
Type
Time - That was the year when I graduated.
(when) - May 6 was the day when we got married.

4
Place - That’s the factory where they make
(where) chemicals.
- That’s the spot where the statue was.
Reason(why - I don’t know the reason why they fired
) you.
Rewrite
1-The house is very beautiful. It lies on the sea.
(where)
---------------------------------------------------------------.
2-This is the year. He was born in.
(when)
---------------------------------------------------------------.
3-I don't know the reason. He refused to accept the job.
(why)
---------------------------------------------------------------.
4-They live in a tiny village. It finally located on a map.
(where)
---------------------------------------------------------------.
5-This is the day. They arrived on.
(when)
---------------------------------------------------------------.
6-Ron sold the house. He was born in it.
(where)
---------------------------------------------------------------.
7- I can remember the time. There was no television.
(when)
---------------------------------------------------------------.
8- This is the hotel. They were staying in.
(where)
---------------------------------------------------------------.

Unit 7
Causative form
• We use have + object + past participle to say that we
have arranged for someone to do something for us. The past
participle has a passive meaning: - Jackie had her jacket
5
cleaned at the dry cleaner’s. (She didn’t clean it herself)
• Questions and negations of the verb have are formed with
do/does (present simple) or did (past simple)
Did you have the photographs developed yesterday?
•We also use have something done to talk about an
unpleasant experience that somebody had. Last night Neil
had his mobile phone stolen. (= his phone was stolen)
•We can use the verb get instead of have in informal
conversation. I’m going to get a new lock fitted on the front
door.
Note:- The word order is very important. Tony had his car
repaired and Tony had repaired his car. Have very
different meanings. In the first case, Tony arranged for
someone else to do the repairs whereas in the second case,
he carried out the repairs himself.

Regular active form Causative form

Present Simple She washes the windows. She has the windows washed
Present She is washing the She is having the windows
Continuous windows. washed
Past Simple She washed the windows She had the windows washed
She was washing the She was having the windows
Past Continuous windows. washed
She will wash the She will have the windows
Future Simple windows. washed
Future She will be washing the She will be the windows
Continuous windows. washed
She has washed the She has had the windows
Present Perfect windows washed
Present Perfect She has been washing She has been having the
Cont. the windows windows washed
She had washed the She had had the windows
Past Perfect windows washed
She had been washing She had been having the
Past Perfect Cont. the windows windows washed
She should wash the She should have the
Infinitive windows windows washed
-ing form It’s worth washing It’s worth having the windows
6
washed

E. Re-write these sentences using the

“causative have”.
1. Dina takes her car to the garage for cleaning.
.
2. Mary's clothes are made for her in Paris.
.
3. I go to the barber’s at the corner for a haircut.
.
4. A man comes to clean their windows once a
week.
.
5. A woman does the heavy work for Mona.
.
6. Our teeth are inspected every six months.
.
7. The manager's letters are typed for him.
.
8. A carpenter is making a new front door for us.
.
9. They asked the baker to bake a cake for them.
.

7
10. They are going to ask the baker to bake a cake
for them.
.