Status of this Document
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.
This document is a W3C Working Group Note. It has been developed
by the XML Core Working Group, part of the XML Activity in the W3C Ubiquitous Web Domain.
Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by
the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated,
replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is
inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in
progress.
Please send comments about this document to [email protected]
(archived).
This document is very closely based on material from [IRI-bis], specifically section 2.2, "ABNF for IRI References and IRIs" and
section 7, "Legacy Extended IRIs", included here by permission of its
authors. It is intended to provide a basis for a single
normative reference from many XML- and/or HTML-related standards in advance of
the final publication of [IRI-bis] as an RFC. When that publication occurs, this specification will be
re-issued to reference it in place of the extracts given below.
This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.
1 Introduction
For historic reasons, some formats have allowed variants of IRIs [RFC3987] that
are somewhat less restricted in syntax, for example XML system identifiers
and W3C XML Schema anyURIs. This document provides a
definition and a name (Legacy Extended IRI or LEIRI) for these variants for
easier reference. These variants have to be used with care; they
require further processing before being fully interchangeable as
IRIs. New protocols and formats should not use Legacy
Extended IRIs. The provisions in this
document also apply to Legacy Extended IRI references.
2 Notation
In this document, characters are referenced by
using a prefix of 'U+' followed by four to six hexadecimal digits.
In this document, the key words must, must not, required,
shall, shall not, should, should not, recommended, may,
and optional are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3 Legacy Extended IRI Syntax
The syntax of Legacy Extended IRIs (LEIRIs) and LEIRI references is
the same as that for IRIs and IRI references except that
ucschar is redefined. The syntax of this
ABNF is described in [RFC5234]. Character numbers are taken from the
UCS, without implying any actual binary encoding. Terminals in the
ABNF are characters, not bytes.
For consistency with [RFC3987] for IRIs,
generic LEIRI software should not check
LEIRIs for conformance to this syntax.
Some productions are ambiguous. The "first-match-wins" (a.k.a.
"greedy") algorithm applies. For details, see [RFC3986].
Productions changed from RFC3986
Productions unchanged from RFC3986
Modified ucschar production
| [39] | ucschar | ::= | " " / "<" / ">" / '"' / "{" / "}" / "|" |
| | | / "\" / "^" / "`" / %x0-1F / %x7F-D7FF |
| | | / %xE000-FFFD / %x10000-10FFFF |
The restriction on bidirectional formatting characters in
Section 4.1 of [RFC3987]
is lifted. The iprivate production becomes redundant.
Formats that use Legacy Extended IRIs may further restrict the
characters allowed therein, either implicitly by the fact that the
format as such does not allow some characters, or explicitly. An
example of a character not allowed implicitly may be the NUL
character (U+0000). However, all the characters allowed in IRIs must
still be allowed.
4 Conversion of Legacy Extended IRIs to IRIs
To convert a Legacy Extended IRI (reference) to an IRI (reference), each character allowed in a Legacy Extended IRI (reference)
but not allowed in an IRI (reference) (see 5 Characters allowed in Legacy Extended IRIs but not in IRIs) must be
percent-encoded by applying the following steps:
Convert the character to a sequence of one or more octets
using UTF-8 [RFC3629].
Convert each octet to %HH, where HH is the hexadecimal notation
of the octet value. Note that this is identical to the percent-encoding
mechanism in Section 2.1 of [RFC3986]. To reduce variability,
the hexadecimal notation should use uppercase letters.
Replace the original character with the resulting character
sequence (that is, a sequence of %HH triplets).
Conversion from a LEIRI to an IRI or a URI must be performed only when absolutely necessary and as late as possible in a processing chain. In particular, neither the process of converting a relative LEIRI to an absolute one nor the process of passing a LEIRI to a process or software component responsible for dereferencing it should trigger percent-encoding.
5 Characters allowed in Legacy Extended IRIs but not in IRIs
This section provides a list of the groups of characters and code
points that are allowed in Legacy Extedend IRIs but are not allowed
in IRIs or are allowed in IRIs only in the query part. For each
group of characters, advice on the usage of these characters is also
given, concentrating on the reasons not to use them.
- Space (U+0020)
Some formats and applications use space as a delimiter, for example, for
items in a list. Appendix C of [RFC3986] also mentions that
white space may have to be added when displaying or printing long URIs; the
same applies to long IRIs. This means that spaces can disappear or can make
the Legacy Extended IRI to be interpreted as two or more separate IRIs.
- Delimiters "<" (U+003C), ">" (U+003E) and '"' (U+0022)
Appendix C of [RFC3986] suggests the use of
double-quotes ("http://example.com/") and angle brackets
(<http://example.com/>) as delimiters for URIs in plain text.
These conventions are often used and also apply to IRIs. Legacy Extended IRIs
using these characters will be cut off at the wrong place.
- Unwise characters "\" (U+005C), "^" (U+005E), "`" (U+0060), "{"
(U+007B), "|" (U+007C) and "}" (U+007D)
These characters
originally have been excluded from URIs because the respective
codepoints are assigned to different graphic characters in some
7-bit or 8-bit encoding. Despite the move to Unicode, some of
these characters are still occasionally displayed differently on
some systems, for example, U+005C as a Japanese Yen symbol. Also, the
fact that these characters are not used in URIs or IRIs has
encouraged their use outside URIs or IRIs in contexts that may
include URIs or IRIs. In case a Legacy Extended IRI with such a
character is used in such a context, the Legacy Extended IRI will
be interpreted piecemeal.
- The controls (C0 controls, DEL and C1 controls, U+0000 - U+001F U+007F - U+009F)
There is no way to transmit these characters reliably
except potentially in electronic form. Even when in electronic
form, some software components might silently filter out some of
these characters or may stop processing alltogether when
encountering some of them. These characters may affect text
display in subtle, unnoticable ways or in drastic, global and
irreversible ways depending on the hardware and software involved.
The use of some of these characters may allow malicious users to
manipulate the display of a Legacy Extended IRI and its context.
- Bidi formatting characters (U+200E, U+200F, U+202A-202E)
These
characters affect the display ordering of characters. Displayed
Legacy Extended IRIs containing these characters cannot be
converted back to electronic form (logical order) unambiguously.
These characters may allow malicious users to manipulate the
display of a Legacy Extended IRI and its context.
- Specials (U+FFF0-FFFD)
These code points provide functionality
beyond that useful in a Legacy Extended IRI, for example byte
order identification, annotation and replacements for unknown
characters and objects. Their use and interpretation in a Legacy
Extended IRI serves no purpose and may lead to confusing display
variations.
- Private use code points (U+E000-F8FF, U+F0000-FFFFD, U+100000-
10FFFD)
Display and interpretation of these code points is by
definition undefined without private agreement. Therefore, these
code points are not suited for use on the Internet. They are not
interoperable and may have unpredictable effects.
- Tags (U+E0000-E0FFF)
These characters provide a way to include language
tags in Unicode plain text. They are not appropriate for Legacy
Extended IRIs because language information in identifiers cannot
reliably be input, transmitted (for example, on a visual medium such as
paper), or recognized.
- Non-characters (U+FDD0-FDEF, U+1FFFE-1FFFF, U+2FFFE-2FFFF,
U+3FFFE-3FFFF, U+4FFFE-4FFFF, U+5FFFE-5FFFF, U+6FFFE-6FFFF,
U+7FFFE-7FFFF, U+8FFFE-8FFFF, U+9FFFE-9FFFF, U+AFFFE-AFFFF,
U+BFFFE-BFFFF, U+CFFFE-CFFFF, U+DFFFE-DFFFF, U+EFFFE-EFFFF,
U+FFFFE-FFFFF, U+10FFFE-10FFFF)
These code points are defined as
non-characters. Applications may use some of them internally, but
are not prepared to interchange them.
For reference, we here also list the code points and code units not
even allowed in Legacy Extended IRIs:
- Surrogate code units (U+D800-U+DFFF)
These do not represent Unicode
codepoints.