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In “The Failed Empire”, I have argued that the medieval papacy is responsible for the failure of Europe to reach political unity under German leadership in the medieval period. I did not deny that the “the enduring absence of hegemonic empire” and the “competitive fragmentation of power” had positive effects, as Walter Scheidel claimed in... Read More
The ethnic composition of the Crusader armies changed during the decades after the First Crusade took Jerusalem in 1099. By the 1140s, Turkic Muslim mercenaries served openly in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’s military. The resident Crusader society likewise grew culturally and genetically distinct from its European roots. Crusader men married local Christian women, particularly... Read More
Jewish thinkers and activists would like all of us to believe that there are few things in the world that is as irrational, deranged, rabid, virulent, odious, noxious, poisonous, toxic, abnormal, unnatural, and cuckoo-bananas as antisemitism. According to Jews, antisemitism has been a kind of collective, near-eternal, and almost-universal sickness that afflicted the mind, body,... Read More