Making maple syrup is an old timey, back to the land kind of fun. You only need a maple tree, a maple tap, a bucket for collecting sap and lots of time for boiling. The complete step by step guide on how to make maple syrup at home. (whether you live in a cabin in the woods, or a house in the suburbs)
One large backyard maple like this can create gallons and gallons of sap every year.
Go grab your sap bucket, bonnet and lace up boots. I'll wait here in Vermont with the plough horse. You don't have a bonnet or lace up boots?? That's O.K., because I don't live in Vermont or have a plough horse. You don't need any of those things to make maple syrup.
All you need is ONE maple tree. It doesn't even have to be yours. Tap a friend's, family member's or unsuspecting neighbour's tree. I have yet to meet a single neighbour who won't readily allow me to tap their tree in exchange for a bottle of golden maple syrup.
Table of Contents
How is maple syrup made?
Syrup is made by boiling down sap. Sap is made of around 98% water and 2% sugars. The water is boiled away until the sugar content becomes 66%. So a LOT of water needs to boil off before it becomes syrup.
It takes 42 parts of sap to create 1 part syrup.
In order to do this you’re going to need a few things:
Tools needed.
Tapping
- Drill – The drill is for drilling a hole into your tree to insert the tap into.
- Drill Bit – This has to be the same size as your tap.
- Tap (spile) – This is what you tap into the tree for your sap to drip out of.
- Hook – The hook is on the tap and it allows you to hang your bucket off of it.
- Bucket – A bucket catches the sap. Duh.
- Bucket lid – You need this to keep debris from falling into your bucket of fresh, clear, beautiful sap.
Boiling & bottling
- Stock pot – A big stock pot with a lid to constantly heat up your sap.
- Shallow roasting pan – It needs to be at least 5″ deep with a large surface area. This is known as your evaporation pan.
- A propane outdoor burner or fire pit / rocket stove.
- A digital or manual refractometer or a hydrometer or hydrotherm. (for testing syrup consistency)
- A digital thermometer
- Syrup filters
- Syrup bottles
Which variety of tree?
So what is the magical maple syrup tree?? It's just a maple. Any maple.
Sugar maples are the most popular tree for making syrup because they have the highest sugar content in their sap but ANY maple will produce perfect maple syrup.
Maple sap has between 1-3% sugar in it (sucrose, fructose and glucose).
Don’t worry about whether your maple tree is the “right” kind of maple tree (Acer saccharum) for making syrup.
They’re all the right kind.
Besides - sugar content varies based on the actual tree, its location and other factors. So you might have a black maple that actually has more sugar in its sap than your neighbour’s sugar maple.
The 4 varieties of Maple Trees that have the highest amount of sugar in their sap are sugar maples, black maples, red maples and silver maples.
sugar, black, red, silver - birch.
BUT WAIT!! IT’S NOT FAIR! WHAT IF I DON’T HAVE ACCESS TO EVEN A SINGLE MAPLE TREE??!
O.K. Seriously, calm down. You’re being very dramatic.
Don’t have access to a maple tree? You could make birch syrup instead. Yup. It’s made the exact same way as maple syrup only out of sap from a Birch tree.
You can also make walnut tree syrup!
What size of tree?
Do NOT tap a maple tree that is less than 10″ across. (not around … across) Anything with a trunk that’s smaller than 10″ is too young and tapping it could kill it.
If your tree is 10 – 20″ – you can put 1 tap on it
If your tree is 20 – 27″ – you can put 2 taps on it
If your tree is 27+ (and healthy) – you can put 3 taps on it
(some say to never put more than 3 taps on a tree because it’s unhealthy for the tree and it changes the pressure in the tree too much so you don’t get as good a sap flow)
How to tap maple trees.
In the spring …
- Clean your sap buckets well with a light bleach solution before using them to prevent bacteria.
- Do not tap a tree that’s less than 10″ across.
- You can tap once nighttime temperatures are below freezing and daytime temperatures are above freezing.
- Drill a hole in your tree with a 7/16ths drill bit at a slightly upward angle.
- Insert the tap (spile) and hammer in gently.
- Hang bucket and collect sap.
- Store collected sap in a cool area for up to one week.
Once temperatures drop at night the sap stops running.
Tapping a maple tree for sap literally means putting a tap in it. How to tap a maple tree? You just bore a hole into the trunk, hammer in the tap and watch the sap flow out of it into your collection bucket.
The first time you do this it will be the most exciting thing you’ve ever experienced. Even if you’ve experienced the joy sounding really good singing once because you had a cold and sounded all sexy and husky.
Mark your drill bit with Sharpie Drill at a slight upward angle
Tips for tapping
- The hole you drill should be no more than 2" deep. Mark your drill at 2″ using a piece of tape or a Sharpie.
- Drill your hole on a slightly upward angle.
- Choose a day that it’s above freezing to drill your hole. If it’s freezing you risk the bark on your tree cracking which will cause sap to drip out.
Clear away the shavings from drilling with a small twig so your tap hole is clean.
On a good day pails will fill to the top. Other days there will be less.
Gently push your tap in. Give it a small tap with a hammer. The tap needs to be tight enough in the tree that the weight of a full bucket doesn’t pull it out but not so tight it cracks the bark around it.
If it’s above freezing, the second you put your tap in it will start dripping. And unless you have the shrivelled heart of a rainbow hater, your eyes will drip too.
It’s a sappy miracle.
Don’t forget to put the lid on to keep twigs, bugs, leaves and curious teenage boys out of it.
Storing sap
Think of your sap as milk. Not water. Even though it is crystal clear like water. It is perishable and needs to be kept cold. Store your daily collected sap in 5 gallon buckets with lids. You'll have to empty out your sap pails once a day. You can keep the sap outside in the cold for up to 1 week.
If you have snow available, pile snow around the buckets to help them stay cold. Shady spots are the best.
Maple Water
"Maple water" is being sold and marketed as the new coconut water with all kinds of health benefits being claimed by sellers. They say this sap drink rehydrates humans better than regular water and contains vital nutrients. There is some truth - maple water does carry antioxidants and minerals that regular water doesn't. But according to an actual scientific study on maple water it can't rehydrate a person any better than regular water can.
Sap is perishable. Keep it cold. Sap is NOT blue, it's just reflecting the sky here.
When to tap.
You need to tap the maple tree when the “sap is flowing”. I’m sure you’ve heard that phrase before. So when does sap flow?
Sap flows in the early spring when nighttime temperatures are below freezing and daytime temperatures are above freezing.
A 7°C difference in the temperature range between night and day is ideal. For you Americans, that’s a 12°F difference. For example:
For Canadians:
Nighttime temp -2C
Daytime temp 7C
PERFECT FOR TAPPING A TREE!!
For Americans:
Nighttime temp 28 F
Daytime temp 40 F
Don’t worry too much about that. Just remember as long as it’s spring and it’s below freezing at night and above freezing during the day the sap will be running.
Fun fact: Sap doesn’t run because it melts inside the tree when it’s warmer out, it runs because of the change in atmospheric pressure.
Making maple syrup.
Turning sap into syrup is just a matter of boiling away the water until you're left with a high concentration of maple tasting syrup.
Quick Guide
STEP 1. Heat your collected sap up in a stock pot with lid. (It just heats faster if you have a pot w/ a lid) Once hot, add it to the evaporation pan.
STEP 2. Keep your evaporation pan of sap boiling. When it starts to evaporate, add more hot sap from your stock pot.
STEP 3. Once you've added all your sap to the evaporation pan and it's looking a darker colour (like syrup) and is approximately 213 degrees, dump it all into a finishing pot.
STEP 4. Water boils at 212 °F where I live. Syrup always boils at 7.1°F (3.94°C) above the boiling point of water. When you reach that temp., you have syrup.
STEP 5. Now you need to test if what you have in the pot is no longer sap, but is actually syrup. You can test whether it's syrup in a few ways.
STEP 6. Filter your syrup.
STEP 7. To bottle your syrup to give away (as if) you need to reheat your syrup.
STEP 8. Things are about to get real. You can now, FILL YOUR BOTTLES.
Detailed Guide
STEP 1
Heating the sap takes many hours so it's best to do it outside if you can. Otherwise you'll have a kitchen with sticky walls. And floors. And cabinets. And cats.
Use a propane fuelled burner or a wood pit if you have one. You can also make a rocket stove like I show you here.
On boiling day ideally you have 2 areas going - one that's heating a stock pot of sap, and another that's boiling down the hot sap in an evaporation pan.
I'm just a gal making a few bottles of maple syrup in my backyard.
So I just skip the stock pot heating up phase, and add my cold sap straight into an evaporation pan.
An evaporation pan is any pan that is at least 5" deep and has a large surface area. A large surface area means water can boil away faster.
My first method of boiling was with a propane burner.
Last season I built a maple syrup boiler out of cinderblock. It worked GREAT. If you have the room for this I recommend it 100%.
The base is 2 patio stones which are surrounded by 12 cinderblocks, with an additional 2 to act as doors.
1-2 evaporation pans can be placed on top.
The fire is built on the patio stones, underneath the evaporation pans.
My most recent way to boil syrup is with a cinder block fire pit.
STEP 2
Once the sap is hot, transfer enough to your evaporation pan to fill it. Let it boil. You'll notice it become golden coloured as the water starts to evaporate.
As the sap boils down in the evaporation pan, continue to fill it with new, hot sap. Repeat this process until your reserve of fresh sap is gone and you only have the evaporation pan of sap left.
See? This is a rocket stove. A tower of bricks creates a remarkably hot fire.
STEP 3
When the final sap in your pan reaches 213 degrees while boiling it's time to pour it into a finishing pot and bring the operation inside. The last part of boiling down the syrup is more precise and using stove burners makes it easier.
The finishing pot is just any regular pot, but you need to use it. It helps ensure you don't burn your syrup, because the smaller pot (as opposed to the large surface area evaporation pan) means less chance of burning and ruining syrup. Just trust me on this.
Transfer the pot to your stove and boil it until it's syrup.
How to know when your sap is syrup
When it's boiling temperature is 219°F.
Syrup always boils at 7.1°F (3.94°C) above the boiling point of water. When you reach that temp., you have syrup.
Water boils at 212 °F.
So sap reaches 219°F while it's boiling, it's officially syrup.
To calculate your syrup boiling point, boil a pot of water and check the temperature. Add 7.1°F to that number and you will have the temperature you want your syrup to hit.
When syrup looks like this when it's boiling it's almost done.
STEP 4
Once you *think* you have syrup, and its boiling point is at 219°F (depending where you live) it's time to test it to confirm it.
Maple Syrup needs to be between 66.5% and 67.5% sugar. Anything below or above that isn't syrup.
You can test whether your sap has turned to syrup in a few ways:
The Drip Test
The first way is by looking at how it drips off of a spoon.
When it's syrup, the final drop off of the spoon, will just hang there for quite some time. When it finally drops off the spoon, you will see a *tiny* thread of a tail from the drop. Like a sperm. A maple syrup sperm drop.
This method is fine and it works but really to test maple syrup you should use scientific tools.
Using a hydrotherm or a refractometer.
Hydrotherm for testing maple syrup 
Refractometer for reading Brix level in any liquid.
A hydrotherm tests the viscosity of the syrup by floating in it. You have to have a vessel as deep as the hydrotherm, fill it with your syrup and put the tool in. You then read your viscosity level based on the level the hydrotherm floats at. They can be bought at maple syrup supply stores.
A refractometer is much easier to find and use. You have a choice between an inexpensive manual read refractometer like above, or a digital brix refractometer like below.
The manual is about $18. The digital around $140.
Digital refractometer for reading Brix levels in maple syrup
Both the manual and digital read the Brix level of liquids. In this case syrup. It will tell you exactly what the level of sugar in your syrup is down to a decimal point.
You just squeeze a drop of liquid onto the plate of the manual tool or into the recessed cup of the digital one. The refractometer does the rest.
If it reads between 66.5% and 67.5% you have syrup.
STEP 5
Filter your syrup. Large operations filter through a felt sock with paper liners inside of it. Filtering helps get rid of any contaminants as well as "sugar sand". I ONLY USE PAPER LINERS. The felt sock absorbs a lot of syrup. More than I care to share with a bag of felt.
Sugar Sand: This is also known as Nitre. Sugar sand becomes visible when your sap becomes condensed as syrup. It's a sandy looking sediment that's made up of minerals from the earth in the tree's sap. It isn't bad for you but it's gritty and will make your syrup cloudy.
If you don't filter out sugar sand it will settle on the bottom of the maple syrup bottle. Just don't shake up the bottle and it'll stay at the bottom of the bottle and out of your tasty syrup.
You can order these specialty bottles online.
STEP 6
After filtering you need to reheat the syrup before bottling to get rid of any "ick" that developed while you screwed around testing its Brix levels.
Reheat your syrup to between 82℃ - 88℃ (170℉ 190℉) before bottling.
You can skip the reheating step if you store your bottles of maple syrup in the freezer instead of in a cupboard.
Maple Syrup Grades
There used to be a confusing system of maple syrup grades and up until a few years ago the US and Canada had different names for them which made it even more confusing.
NOW all maple syrup is graded using these words which describe their colour.
Golden - delicate taste
Amber - rich taste
Dark - robust taste
Very Dark - strong taste
The grades or colour of maple syrup has nothing to do with how much the syrup is boiled. The colour of maple syrup depends on the daytime temperature the sap was collected.
Maple syrup grades are explained a bit more along with the more sciencey stuff in my Maple Syrup Grading post.
I think you have all the information you need now. These are alllllll the things I struggled with or had questions about when I first had the inclination to tap my own tree for homemade maple syrup a decade ago.
Here's some extra info that should clear up any other questions running through your head right now.
Maple Syrup by the Numbers
(numbers vary depending on the weather)
- It takes 10 gallons of sap to make 4 cups of Maple Syrup.
- It takes 1 week to collect 10 gallons of sap from a single large maple tree.
- That means you can produce 4 cups per week, for around 3 weeks, resulting in 12 bottles of syrup a year from one tree. (if that tree is producing very well)
- On a cold day it takes 9 hours to evaporate 10 gallons of sap outside.
- Then it takes another 1-2 hours inside on the stove to turn it into syrup.
- A minimum of 3 fingers are chopped off anyone who tries to steal a bottle of my syrup.
FAQ
There's some debate about this and not a lot of scientific papers I can reference. A lot of maple syrup producing sites say that the mold found on the surface of maple syrup is harmless. They recommend scooping off the mold and then heating the syrup to 179℉ to kill remaining bacteria.
In this post from the Cornell University mushroom blog, the author recommends throwing away any moldy maple syrup even though the xerophile fungus (Wallemia sebi) isn't always toxic.
If it's been properly bottled, maple syrup will last indefinitely on the shelf. Once opened it can be refrigerated for months. Freezing maple syrup in bottles is also a good way to store it.
Sap is clear liquid. But near the end of the tapping season it may start to look slightly cloudy. As long as it tastes fine and isn't deeply cloudy it's still good to use.
The perfect conditions for tapping a tree are when it's below freezing at night and above freezing during the day. Once the tree starts to go into bud you can't tap your trees anymore, the syrup this late sap makes will be bitter.
It depends on the season, but generally you have 3-4 weeks before conditions aren't right for sap to run anymore. Plus after 3-4 weeks the hole you drilled into the tree will start to scab up and close over.
The rate at which the sap drips will depend on the weather conditions that day. Sunny and warm always = faster running sap.
Good question. Sap is basically the tree's blood delivering minerals and nutrients around the tree. In the spring sap jumps into action pumping energy around the tree as buds are forming.
Maple Syrup Recipes
If you have even one INKLING of interest in making your own maple syrup DO IT. Do it right now before you forget about it and the season has passed. There are only 3 weeks every year that you can do this.
For the love of pancakes and french toast, do it this year.
I must say...you have Awesome equipment. Awesome tutorial.
I have two massive silver maples that make my life a living hell....I looked it up, and yes, you can make maple syrup from their sap.
I find it ironic and now want to suck the life out of them like they suck the life out of me. Or I could cut them down, but not before I make maple syrup.
It too warm already here to make it now but maybe in the late fall I can pull it off. Thank you for channeling your inner Laura Ingalls for me.
I have always wondered how to do this, I too remember the Laura Ingalls books :) So cool that you did it!!!
hummm I get my Maple syrup from the local FFA. (future Farmers of America) at the High School. We have several sizable Maples.. what Kind I have not clue, none the less, I wondered if an eletric roaster would do it? You could have it out of the house for the steam issues and yet get it hot enough..?? Maybe? That would be fun. Me Thinks..
cynD - I'm not sure the electric roaster would get hot enough. It's surprising how much anything like that has to fight even when it's only 40F out. :/ ~ karen!
One and a Half pint!! NOW THAT'S FUNNY. and to have a real Ingals on the read... is just so, so, ahh..I'm thinking I'm a proud Mom or something, but that's not it.
Well, I am proud and a Mom. So there. But still not it.
* I even made boyfriends' watch Little House with me, before we went out. I still watch it. Just don't have the boyfriends anymore.
That was fun to read,Karen! My folks have a syrup shanty with a huge boiler in it for making syrup. I've been there to visit a few times when it was filled with steam and sticky syrup boiling. I know you aren't exaggerating AT ALL about the syrup on the walls, mirror and cats! Very impressed that you made the syrup ;0)
Beth - Because you have the word "horse" in your website I had to click on it. :( I miss having a horse. I want a horse. ~ karen!
You could build a cute little stable in your yard right next to the chicken coop. If the neighbors haven't caught on to the chickens, I'm sure they won't notice a horse or two!
Are you SURE the sugar sand tastes gross?? Seems like it would be delicious! My cutie patootie 2nd grader gets to go check out the local sugar bush operation today with school; I still remember how the maple sugar candy tasted from my elementary school trip. Yum!
YOu always amaze me! Read this late, but better late than never....you simply amaze me.
So impressive (I'll be part of the purchaser camp because I'm with Susan on not being a maple lover). Excellent tutorial but what do you do with the sugar sand (or is that the only real waste out of this project)?
Shelley - The Sugar sand is waste. ~ k!
Wow! That would be so cool to try to do. Not close to any maple trees where I am :( I do have to ask, where did you get the cool digital thermometer? I've been looking for something like that for awhile...even the brand name would help.
HI Jackie H . I got the thermometer from my local kitchen store The Keeping Room, which has the *best* stuff. And tons of it! The make of it is "Norpro". ~ karen
I bet your going to enjoy every last drop! Thanks for the tips.
The announcement got bumped cause you're still washing pots from the syrup circus! Wow, I bet you house smelled sweet!
Did you announce the additional Art of Doing Stuff towel winners yet?? Do I have the right Tuesday?? Did I win?? :)
Kasia - Sorry! The announcement got bumped until tomorrow. Winners up at midnight! ~ karen
Y'know, every time I read your blog, after I'm done laughing and giggling and gasping and eyeball rolling...I tend to think this:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vh78T--ZUxY
YOU. ARE. THE. (wo)MAN. Truly. ;-)
LOL. Wow. Haven't seen or heard *that* in a while! ~ karen
Awesome. When our chicken coop and green house are done, we will tackle this next :)
Thank you for keeping me inspired! You rock!
Soooo.... the cost to make a wee bit vs buy? Im right proud of you city pilgrim, but... I'm buying my syrup and not laying my own eggs.
Pancakes please!!
Brenda J - Cheaper to make believe it or not. Total cost of supplies for bucket, tap, lid - $9. Potentially those 3 things could get you 15 bottles of syrup at a cost of around $10 a bottle. Plus ... they're all a one time investment. Same for the hydrotherm. My mom tapped her Maple today and one of my sisters is going to tap hers on the weekend, so I'll loan them the hydrotherm. Besides ... I don't do this to save money. I do it because I love to. ~ half pint
With 3 cups of syrup, wouldn't that make you "one and a half pint"?
... ducking
Hah!!! ~ k
I love your references to the Ingalls family!! My sister and I still after 25 years make reference to the time Mr Edwards brought the girls suckers. Mary was saving hers and Laura had to eat hers right away. I have no idea why this one scene has played so predominantly between my sister and I but we quote it often. Yay on the successful Maple Syrup!! One question - how did your house smell? Sweet or funny? I'm from the west coast so its not such a "thing" out here although my stepfather is from Quebec. Thx for the witty tutorial Sheri
Hi Sheri - Well, making syrup isn't much of a thing here either, LOL. I only know of one other person who actually does it. But I maintain that's because no one knows how easy it is. The house smells like a sugar shack for the day. ~ karen
If you really want to cook outside next year invest in a turkey fryer. You know the ones that people set up in their garage and end up burning the house down? Propane lit and will definitely be hot enough. My guy makes beer with his when it's too warm out to heat up the house.
Karin - I have no room for a turkey fryer! I barely have room for at turkey. :( ~ karen!
I know the confession that I'm one of the few in the world who do NOT like the taste of maple will bring down scorn upon me, but I confess it, nonetheless, and add to it my admiration of you for making it, and making me laugh reading about you making it. One of the things I most admire about you is that you figure out how to do something right, and then do it right, and share that with us. Thank you!
I have honestly never met a person who doesn't like maple syrup. No scorn. But if I met you, I'd have to pinch you to see if you were real.
Ouch. I'm real. And my dislike of maple is so great that, if you set a brand new box of expensive candy in front of me, even if I spend half an hour choosing a piece, it will always turn out to be maple. I'm a perfect divining rod for maple candy. The only time it doesn't turn out to be maple is if a maple lover gets to the box before me. If we ever meet, and there's a box of candy, I will give you the maple.
This is awesome Karen..you should be very proud of doing this..And I would think that it would all be worth it in the end..to pour that luscious gold syrup over your homemade pancakes..I'm sure the Fella is proud of you too since he will also get to enjoy it..It looks so beautiful in those bottles..I know that there is a brand of Canadian Maple Syrup that is sold locally in those gorgeous maple leaf bottles but I haven't tried it as it is sooo expensive..I just might have to splurge now..You are just one very cool amazing lady in my book..