The document discusses the Q-learning algorithm for reinforcement learning. It explains that Q-learning uses a Q-table to store Q-values that represent the expected reward for taking an action in a given state. The Q-value for a state-action pair is updated each iteration based on the immediate reward and maximum future reward estimated by previous Q-values. The document provides pseudocode for the Q-learning update rule and gives an example of applying it to navigate between rooms to learn the best path.