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Go Concurrency

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jgrahamc

This document discusses Go concurrency fundamentals including goroutines, channels, and synchronization primitives. It provides examples of using goroutines and channels for signaling between processes, timeouts, heartbeats, and implementing a load balancer. Key points covered include goroutines being lightweight processes, channel-based communication between goroutines, and using select to handle multiple channel operations.

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Go Concurrency March 27, 2013 John Graham-Cumming www.cloudflare.com!
Fundamentals •  goroutines •  Very lightweight processes •  All scheduling handled internally by the Go runtime •  Unless you are CPU bound you do not have to think about scheduling •  Channel-based communication •  The right way for goroutines to talk to each other •  Synchronization Primitives •  For when a channel is too heavyweight •  Not covered in this talk www.cloudflare.com!
goroutines •  “Lightweight” •  Starting 10,000 goroutines on my MacBook Pro took 22ms •  Allocated memory increased by 3,014,000 bytes (301 bytes per goroutine) •  https://gist.github.com/jgrahamc/5253020 •  Not unusual at CloudFlare to have a single Go program running 10,000s of goroutines with 1,000,000s of goroutines created during life program. •  So, go yourFunc() as much as you like. www.cloudflare.com!
Channels •  Quick syntax review c := make(chan bool)– Makes an unbuffered channel of bools c <- x – Sends a value on the channel <- c – Waits to receive a value on the channel x = <- c – Waits to receive a value and stores it in x x, ok = <- c – Waits to receive a value; ok will be false if channel is closed and empty. www.cloudflare.com!
Unbuffered channels are best •  They provide both communication and synchronization func from(connection chan int) {! connection <- rand.Intn(100)! }! ! func to(connection chan int) {! i := <- connection! fmt.Printf("Someone sent me %dn", i)! }! ! func main() {! cpus := runtime.NumCPU()! runtime.GOMAXPROCS(cpus)! ! connection := make(chan int)! go from(connection)! go to(connection)! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Using channels for signaling (1) •  Sometimes just closing a channel is enough c := make(chan bool)! ! go func() {! !// ... do some stuff! !close(c)! }()! ! // ... do some other stuff! <- c! www.cloudflare.com!
Using channels for signaling (2) •  Close a channel to coordinate multiple goroutines func worker(start chan bool) {! <- start! // ... do stuff! }! ! func main() {! start := make(chan bool)! ! for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {! go worker(start)! }! ! close(start)! ! // ... all workers running now! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Select •  Select statement enables sending/receiving on multiple channels at once select {! case x := <- somechan:! // ... do stuff with x! ! case y, ok := <- someOtherchan:! // ... do stuff with y! // check ok to see if someOtherChan! // is closed! ! case outputChan <- z:! // ... ok z was sent! ! default:! // ... no one wants to communicate! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Common idiom: for/select! for {! select {! case x := <- somechan:! // ... do stuff with x! ! case y, ok := <- someOtherchan:! // ... do stuff with y! // check ok to see if someOtherChan! // is closed! ! case outputChan <- z:! // ... ok z was sent! ! default:! // ... no one wants to communicate! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Using channels for signaling (4) •  Close a channel to terminate multiple goroutines func worker(die chan bool) {! for {! select {! // ... do stuff cases! case <- die: ! return! }! }! }! ! func main() {! die := make(chan bool)! for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {! go worker(die)! }! close(die)! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Using channels for signaling (5) •  Terminate a goroutine and verify termination func worker(die chan bool) {! for {! select {! // ... do stuff cases! case <- die:! // ... do termination tasks ! die <- true! return! }! }! }! func main() {! die := make(chan bool)! go worker(die)! die <- true! <- die! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Example: unique ID service •  Just receive from id to get a unique ID •  Safe to share id channel across routines id := make(chan string)! ! go func() {! var counter int64 = 0! for {! id <- fmt.Sprintf("%x", counter)! counter += 1! }! }()! ! x := <- id // x will be 1! x = <- id // x will be 2! www.cloudflare.com!
Example: memory recycler func recycler(give, get chan []byte) {! q := new(list.List)! ! for {! if q.Len() == 0 {! q.PushFront(make([]byte, 100))! }! ! e := q.Front()! ! select {! case s := <-give:! q.PushFront(s[:0])! ! case get <- e.Value.([]byte):! q.Remove(e)! }! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Timeout func worker(start chan bool) {! for {! !timeout := time.After(30 * time.Second)! !select {! // ... do some stuff! ! case <- timeout:! return! }! }! func worker(start chan bool) {! timeout := time.After(30 * time.Second)! }! for {! !select {! // ... do some stuff! ! case <- timeout:! return! }! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Heartbeat func worker(start chan bool) {! heartbeat := time.Tick(30 * time.Second)! for {! !select {! // ... do some stuff! ! case <- heartbeat:! // ... do heartbeat stuff! }! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Example: network multiplexor •  Multiple goroutines can send on the same channel func worker(messages chan string) {! for {! var msg string // ... generate a message! messages <- msg! }! }! func main() {! messages := make(chan string)! conn, _ := net.Dial("tcp", "example.com")! ! for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {! go worker(messages)! }! for {! msg := <- messages! conn.Write([]byte(msg))! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Example: first of N •  Dispatch requests and get back the first one to complete type response struct {! resp *http.Response! url string! }! ! func get(url string, r chan response ) {! if resp, err := http.Get(url); err == nil {! r <- response{resp, url}! }! }! ! func main() {! first := make(chan response)! for _, url := range []string{"http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.9.1.min.js",! "http://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js",! "http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js",! "http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.9.1.min.js"} {! go get(url, first)! }! ! r := <- first! // ... do something! }! www.cloudflare.com!
range! •  Can be used to consume all values from a channel func generator(strings chan string) {! strings <- "Five hour's New York jet lag"! strings <- "and Cayce Pollard wakes in Camden Town"! strings <- "to the dire and ever-decreasing circles"! strings <- "of disrupted circadian rhythm."! close(strings)! }! ! func main() {! strings := make(chan string)! go generator(strings)! ! for s := range strings {! fmt.Printf("%s ", s)! }! fmt.Printf("n");! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Passing a ‘response’ channel type work struct {! url string! resp chan *http.Response! }! ! func getter(w chan work) {! for {! do := <- w! resp, _ := http.Get(do.url)! do.resp <- resp! }! }! ! func main() {! w := make(chan work)! ! go getter(w)! ! resp := make(chan *http.Response)! w <- work{"http://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js",! resp}! ! r := <- resp! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Buffered channels •  Can be useful to create queues •  But make reasoning about concurrency more difficult c := make(chan bool, 100) ! www.cloudflare.com!
Example: an HTTP load balancer •  Limited number of HTTP clients can make requests for URLs •  Unlimited number of goroutines need to request URLs and get responses •  Solution: an HTTP request load balancer www.cloudflare.com!
A URL getter type job struct {! url string! resp chan *http.Response! }! ! type worker struct {! jobs chan *job! count int! }! ! func (w *worker) getter(done chan *worker) {! for {! j := <- w.jobs! resp, _ := http.Get(j.url)! j.resp <- resp! done <- w! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
A way to get URLs func get(jobs chan *job, url string, answer chan string) {! resp := make(chan *http.Response)! jobs <- &job{url, resp}! r := <- resp! answer <- r.Request.URL.String()! }! ! func main() {! jobs := balancer(10, 10)! answer := make(chan string)! for {! var url string! if _, err := fmt.Scanln(&url); err != nil {! break! }! go get(jobs, url, answer)! }! for u := range answer {! fmt.Printf("%sn", u)! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
A load balancer func balancer(count int, depth int) chan *job {! jobs := make(chan *job)! done := make(chan *worker)! workers := make([]*worker, count)! ! for i := 0; i < count; i++ {! workers[i] = &worker{make(chan *job,
 depth), 0}! go workers[i].getter(done)! }! ! ! go func() {! select {! for {! case j := <- jobsource:! var free *worker! free.jobs <- j! min := depth! free.count++! for _, w := range workers {! ! if w.count < min {! case w := <- done:! free = w! w.count—! min = w.count! }! }! }! }! }()! ! ! var jobsource chan *job! return jobs! if free != nil {! }! jobsource = jobs! }! www.cloudflare.com!
Top 500 web sites loaded www.cloudflare.com!
THANKS The Go Way: “small sequential pieces joined by channels” www.cloudflare.com!

More Related Content

Go Concurrency

  • 1. Go Concurrency March 27, 2013 John Graham-Cumming www.cloudflare.com!
  • 2. Fundamentals •  goroutines •  Very lightweight processes •  All scheduling handled internally by the Go runtime •  Unless you are CPU bound you do not have to think about scheduling •  Channel-based communication •  The right way for goroutines to talk to each other •  Synchronization Primitives •  For when a channel is too heavyweight •  Not covered in this talk www.cloudflare.com!
  • 3. goroutines •  “Lightweight” •  Starting 10,000 goroutines on my MacBook Pro took 22ms •  Allocated memory increased by 3,014,000 bytes (301 bytes per goroutine) •  https://gist.github.com/jgrahamc/5253020 •  Not unusual at CloudFlare to have a single Go program running 10,000s of goroutines with 1,000,000s of goroutines created during life program. •  So, go yourFunc() as much as you like. www.cloudflare.com!
  • 4. Channels •  Quick syntax review c := make(chan bool)– Makes an unbuffered channel of bools c <- x – Sends a value on the channel <- c – Waits to receive a value on the channel x = <- c – Waits to receive a value and stores it in x x, ok = <- c – Waits to receive a value; ok will be false if channel is closed and empty. www.cloudflare.com!
  • 5. Unbuffered channels are best •  They provide both communication and synchronization func from(connection chan int) {! connection <- rand.Intn(100)! }! ! func to(connection chan int) {! i := <- connection! fmt.Printf("Someone sent me %dn", i)! }! ! func main() {! cpus := runtime.NumCPU()! runtime.GOMAXPROCS(cpus)! ! connection := make(chan int)! go from(connection)! go to(connection)! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 6. Using channels for signaling (1) •  Sometimes just closing a channel is enough c := make(chan bool)! ! go func() {! !// ... do some stuff! !close(c)! }()! ! // ... do some other stuff! <- c! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 7. Using channels for signaling (2) •  Close a channel to coordinate multiple goroutines func worker(start chan bool) {! <- start! // ... do stuff! }! ! func main() {! start := make(chan bool)! ! for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {! go worker(start)! }! ! close(start)! ! // ... all workers running now! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 8. Select •  Select statement enables sending/receiving on multiple channels at once select {! case x := <- somechan:! // ... do stuff with x! ! case y, ok := <- someOtherchan:! // ... do stuff with y! // check ok to see if someOtherChan! // is closed! ! case outputChan <- z:! // ... ok z was sent! ! default:! // ... no one wants to communicate! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 9. Common idiom: for/select! for {! select {! case x := <- somechan:! // ... do stuff with x! ! case y, ok := <- someOtherchan:! // ... do stuff with y! // check ok to see if someOtherChan! // is closed! ! case outputChan <- z:! // ... ok z was sent! ! default:! // ... no one wants to communicate! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 10. Using channels for signaling (4) •  Close a channel to terminate multiple goroutines func worker(die chan bool) {! for {! select {! // ... do stuff cases! case <- die: ! return! }! }! }! ! func main() {! die := make(chan bool)! for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {! go worker(die)! }! close(die)! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 11. Using channels for signaling (5) •  Terminate a goroutine and verify termination func worker(die chan bool) {! for {! select {! // ... do stuff cases! case <- die:! // ... do termination tasks ! die <- true! return! }! }! }! func main() {! die := make(chan bool)! go worker(die)! die <- true! <- die! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 12. Example: unique ID service •  Just receive from id to get a unique ID •  Safe to share id channel across routines id := make(chan string)! ! go func() {! var counter int64 = 0! for {! id <- fmt.Sprintf("%x", counter)! counter += 1! }! }()! ! x := <- id // x will be 1! x = <- id // x will be 2! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 13. Example: memory recycler func recycler(give, get chan []byte) {! q := new(list.List)! ! for {! if q.Len() == 0 {! q.PushFront(make([]byte, 100))! }! ! e := q.Front()! ! select {! case s := <-give:! q.PushFront(s[:0])! ! case get <- e.Value.([]byte):! q.Remove(e)! }! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 14. Timeout func worker(start chan bool) {! for {! !timeout := time.After(30 * time.Second)! !select {! // ... do some stuff! ! case <- timeout:! return! }! }! func worker(start chan bool) {! timeout := time.After(30 * time.Second)! }! for {! !select {! // ... do some stuff! ! case <- timeout:! return! }! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 15. Heartbeat func worker(start chan bool) {! heartbeat := time.Tick(30 * time.Second)! for {! !select {! // ... do some stuff! ! case <- heartbeat:! // ... do heartbeat stuff! }! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 16. Example: network multiplexor •  Multiple goroutines can send on the same channel func worker(messages chan string) {! for {! var msg string // ... generate a message! messages <- msg! }! }! func main() {! messages := make(chan string)! conn, _ := net.Dial("tcp", "example.com")! ! for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {! go worker(messages)! }! for {! msg := <- messages! conn.Write([]byte(msg))! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 17. Example: first of N •  Dispatch requests and get back the first one to complete type response struct {! resp *http.Response! url string! }! ! func get(url string, r chan response ) {! if resp, err := http.Get(url); err == nil {! r <- response{resp, url}! }! }! ! func main() {! first := make(chan response)! for _, url := range []string{"http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.9.1.min.js",! "http://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js",! "http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js",! "http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-1.9.1.min.js"} {! go get(url, first)! }! ! r := <- first! // ... do something! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 18. range! •  Can be used to consume all values from a channel func generator(strings chan string) {! strings <- "Five hour's New York jet lag"! strings <- "and Cayce Pollard wakes in Camden Town"! strings <- "to the dire and ever-decreasing circles"! strings <- "of disrupted circadian rhythm."! close(strings)! }! ! func main() {! strings := make(chan string)! go generator(strings)! ! for s := range strings {! fmt.Printf("%s ", s)! }! fmt.Printf("n");! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 19. Passing a ‘response’ channel type work struct {! url string! resp chan *http.Response! }! ! func getter(w chan work) {! for {! do := <- w! resp, _ := http.Get(do.url)! do.resp <- resp! }! }! ! func main() {! w := make(chan work)! ! go getter(w)! ! resp := make(chan *http.Response)! w <- work{"http://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js",! resp}! ! r := <- resp! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 20. Buffered channels •  Can be useful to create queues •  But make reasoning about concurrency more difficult c := make(chan bool, 100) ! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 21. Example: an HTTP load balancer •  Limited number of HTTP clients can make requests for URLs •  Unlimited number of goroutines need to request URLs and get responses •  Solution: an HTTP request load balancer www.cloudflare.com!
  • 22. A URL getter type job struct {! url string! resp chan *http.Response! }! ! type worker struct {! jobs chan *job! count int! }! ! func (w *worker) getter(done chan *worker) {! for {! j := <- w.jobs! resp, _ := http.Get(j.url)! j.resp <- resp! done <- w! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 23. A way to get URLs func get(jobs chan *job, url string, answer chan string) {! resp := make(chan *http.Response)! jobs <- &job{url, resp}! r := <- resp! answer <- r.Request.URL.String()! }! ! func main() {! jobs := balancer(10, 10)! answer := make(chan string)! for {! var url string! if _, err := fmt.Scanln(&url); err != nil {! break! }! go get(jobs, url, answer)! }! for u := range answer {! fmt.Printf("%sn", u)! }! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 24. A load balancer func balancer(count int, depth int) chan *job {! jobs := make(chan *job)! done := make(chan *worker)! workers := make([]*worker, count)! ! for i := 0; i < count; i++ {! workers[i] = &worker{make(chan *job,
 depth), 0}! go workers[i].getter(done)! }! ! ! go func() {! select {! for {! case j := <- jobsource:! var free *worker! free.jobs <- j! min := depth! free.count++! for _, w := range workers {! ! if w.count < min {! case w := <- done:! free = w! w.count—! min = w.count! }! }! }! }! }()! ! ! var jobsource chan *job! return jobs! if free != nil {! }! jobsource = jobs! }! www.cloudflare.com!
  • 25. Top 500 web sites loaded www.cloudflare.com!
  • 26. THANKS The Go Way: “small sequential pieces joined by channels” www.cloudflare.com!