GROUP ONE MEMBERS
ASMA ABDALLAH MOHD 24BSE048
FAT-HIYA AMUR HAMAD 24BSE067
NADHIFA IDRISSA IDDI 24BSE027
ABDALLA NASSOR ABDALLA 24BSE036
FAIZA SALUM ALI 24BSE097
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
What are Transition Elements?
Transition elements (also known as transition metals) are elements
that have partially filled d orbitals.
IUPAC defines transition elements as an element having a d subshell
that is partially filled with electrons, or an element that has the ability
to form stable cations with an incompletely filled d orbital.
The transition elements of the first row
TRANSITION ATOMIC NUMBER ELECRONIC
ELEMENT CONFIGURATION
Scundium Sc Sc 21 [Ar]3d1 4s2
Titnium Ti Ti 22 [Ar] 3d2 4s2
Vanadium V V 23 [Ar] 3d3 4s2
Manganese Mn Mn 25 [Ar]3d5 4s2
Iron Fe Fe 26 [Ar]3d6 4s2
Cobalt Co Co 26 [Ar]3d7 4s2
Nickel Ni Ni 27 [Ar]3d8 4s2
Copper Cu Cu 28 [Ar]3d10 4s1
Zinc Zn Zn 29 [Ar]3d10 4s2
Chromium Cr Cr 24
Physical Properties of Transition elements
1)Hardness and Strength: Transition elements are typically hard
and strong metals.
2)High Melting and Boiling Points: They possess high melting and
boiling points compared to other metals. due to the participation
of the delocalized d electrons in metallic bonding.
3)High Density: Transition elements generally have high densities.
Physical Properties of Transition elements
4)Good Conductors: They are good conductors of heat and
electricity.
5)Malleable and Ductile: They are malleable (can be hammered
into thin sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires).
6)Metallic Luster: They have a shiny, metallic appearance.
Chemical properties of transition elements
1)Magnetic properties
Most transition elements and their compounds show magnetic
property. This property is due to the presence of unpaired electron
in outer most shell (d-orbital). The higher the number of un paired
electrons determine the strength of the magnetic moment. If
unpaired electron present in the d-orbital of an atom, ion or
molecule, the material will be weakly attracted by a magnet and is
classified as paramagnetic material.
Chemical properties of transition elements
If the unpaired electrons are many, the material is more
strongly attracted by a magnet and is classified as a
ferromagnetic material.If an atom contains no unpaired
electrons, the material will not respond to magnetism and is
classified as a diamagnetism.
2) Variable oxidation state
The d-block elements show a wide range of oxidation states.
This is because they can loose electrons from both 4s and 3d
orbital to combine with other element .
Element symbol Common oxidation state
Sc +3
Ti +2 +4
Vn +2 +3 +4 +5
Cr +2 +3 +5
Mn +2 +3 +4 +6 +7
Fe +2 +3
Co +2 +3
Ni +2
Cu +1 +2
Zn +2
Chemical properties of transition elements
3) Catalytic property
Most of transition elements and their compounds particularly
oxides have good catalytic properties this is due to the
presence of vacant d-orbital which can hold electrons
temporary to form reaction intermediate with reactants.
Example Nickel or platinum are used in catalytic
hydrogenation reaction , and Iron used in the Haber process.
N2(g)+3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
CH2 = CH2 +H2(g) → CH3CH3(g)
Chemical properties of transition element
4) Formation of coloured compounds
Many transition elements form vividly colored compounds. The
colour is due to the presence of unpaired electrons in d-orbital
and this occur as follow , according to the Cristal Field Theory ,
the transition metals form colour as a result of the splitting of
the degenerate d-orbitals. Hence the movement of electrons
occur easily .
Table 2. Coloured complexes of some transition elements
Ionic complex Colour
[Co(H2O)6]2+ Pinkish-red
[Fe(CN)6]4- Greenish-yellow
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ Pale-green
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ Brownish-yellow
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ Deep-blue
Chemical properties of transition elements
1) Formation of complex ions
Transition elements form complex ions , this is attributed
by the size of the cations and the presence of vacant d-
orbitals.
Example : [Ni(CN)4]2- , [ CuCl4]2-
TRENDS OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
1) Ionization energy
Across a Period:
As you move across a period, the number of protons (and thus the
nuclear charge) increases. This leads to a stronger attraction between
the nucleus and the valence electrons, making them more difficult to
remove.
Down a Group:
Moving down a group, the number of electron shells
increases. This results in a larger atomic radius and a weaker
attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons,
making them easier to remove and leading to a decrease in
ionization energy.
GRAPH OF IONIZATION ENERGY
TRENDS OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
2)Atomic and Ionic Size:
Across a period:
Atomic and ionic radii generally decrease from left to right across
a period, especially in the first transition series (Scandium to
Copper). This is due to the increasing nuclear charge pulling the
electrons closer to the nucleus.
Down a group:
Atomic and ionic radii increase as you move down a group. This is
because the number of electron shells increases.
TRENDS OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
3)Melting Points
Across a period
Melting points tend to increase across a period,
Down a group
Melting points generally decrease down a group.
4)Densities
Transition metals are generally denser than s-block
elements and show a gradual increase in density across a
period. This trend is attributed to a combination of a
decrease in metallic radii and a relative increase in atomic
mass.
TRENDS OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
4)Oxidation States
Transition metals exhibit multiple oxidation
states, which are not as consistent as with s-block
elements.
Higher oxidation states become progressively less
stable across a row and more stable down a
column.
Element symbol Common oxidation state
Sc +3
Ti +2 +4
Vn +2 +3 +4 +5
Cr +2 +3 +5
Mn +2 +3 +4 +6 +7
Fe +2 +3
Co +2 +3
Ni +2
Cu +1 +2
Zn +2
The general uses of transition elements
1. Catalyst : in industry use the transition elements to
change oxidation state example in Haber proses.
2. Alloys : example iron and chronium used to make
corrosion-resistant Alloys.
3.Construction material : iron and titanium used to
buildings bridges, ships and house.
4.Electronic and wiring : copper and silver used to
electronic components.
5.Pigment and dyes : the transition elements produce
vibrant colour that are used in painting hose and others.
Biological uses
1 The iron important in haemoglobin which transport
oxygenated blood
2 Copper uses in respiration and enzymes activities help from
red blood cell
3 Cobalt is essential in vitamin B12 essential for red blood
cells production
4 Magnesium involve in bone formation and metabolic
reaction
5 Chronium play a role in insulin function and glucose
