What is behavior
1. Behavior is everything a person does.
2. Behavior includes all those processes by which an animal senses the
external world and the internal state of its body and responds to situation it
perceives.
3. The way an organism responds to environmental stimuli.
4. “Stimulus response relationship".
5. The scientific study of how animals act and interact with their
environment and other organisms
• Feeding behavior:
• what is the type and amount of food that animal need, feed
conversion efficiency. control of feeding
• Reproductive behavior:
• Successful mating
• Survival of young animals
• Social behavior
• The way animals interact with each other, including
communication, cooperation, and aggression. Social behavior can
be between animals of the same species, or different species.
How is behavior determined‘*
Behavior inborn (instinctive) and predetermined. Is it a
function of learing and the environment?
Behavior is a blend of innate behavior
(inherited) and acquired (learned) behavior
Classification of animal behavior
1. Inherited behavior (innate, unlearned,
instinctive,
native)
• Important for survival and conservation of species
2. Acquired behavior (learned)
• Adopt useful method for survival within their environment
Inherited behavior
• Includes two types:
1. Behavior of maintenance
• Constant behavioral patterns needed to maintain
animal life (self-maintenance) such as ingestion,
elimination, rest and sleep
2. Reproductive behavior
• behavioral patterns occurring during reproduction
needed to maintain animal species
• Sexual behavior
Maintenance behaviors
• Ingestive behavior:
• Related to anatomy and physiology of each species
• Related to nature of food {herbivorous,
carriivores, omnivorous)
• Including feeding (ingestion of solid feed), drinking
{ingestion
of water and milk)
• Understanding of ingestive behavior (how to search for, to
locate and to ingest food is critical to anima| production.
• Horse = cropping by Inclsors
• Cattle = eating dy tongue
• Sheep and goat = incisors and Alps
Eliminative behavior
• Evacuation of faces (defecation) and urine (urination)
• Posture or stance of elimination differ
between species,
—Horse: following defecation turn and smell the
spot
—Cattle: raising of tail and arching of back
—Dog: raising one leg and urinate to substrate
—Cats: toilet behavior
— Birds: defecate by leaning forward, raising the tail
and spreading the feather
Grooming Behavior (Body Care)
• Includ ing:
• Care of the body (natural grooming)
• Thermoregulation (regulate body temperature)
• Self-Groaming (Auto-grooming)= animal take care
of its own body through licking and rubbing (parts that
can reach)
• Body licking, nose licking, rolling, scratching
• Function
• Keep body clean (One good indicator of general healthl
• Free from ecto-parasites
• Free from foreign objects (faces, urine, mud)
• Reduce risk of diseases
• Mutual grooming (social or alia-grooming)
• One animal take care of another animal (herdmates)
• Function (biological and social):
• Remove ecto-parasites from parts that animal can not
reach
• Take care of wound
• Reward for the groomer (obtain salt and vitamin D)
• Promote and cement relationship between individuals
• Reduce aggression and tension
• Maintain social structure
Reproductive behaviors
• The activities or actions during reproduction includes:
• Sexual behavior:
• Male sexual behavior
• Pre-copulatory (courtship/li bido)
• Copulatory (erection, mounting, ejaculation, dismounting)
• PD5t-copulatory (quiet period, flehmen response)
• Female sexual behavior
• Estrous cycle (length, type, signsl
• Ovulation (type, time)
• Best time of mating
• Maternal behavior (care-giving behavior, Epimeletic, attentive)
• Sexual aggression
• Competition between animals of same species \o obtain a
hexual partner
• In some spccics such as cat. mating accunipenicd with
• Predatory aggression
• Food getting behavior
• Some aniiiials eltack to obtaih food
• Infanticide
• Killing of very young animals by adult
• Female rodents kill pups.
Exploratory behavior (investigatory behavior)
• Explore their environment to obtain information for
survival by using sense organs
° Differ between species and individuals
° Allow time for investigation in new area
• Signaling between one animal & another
Greeting- E.g. hug, kiss
• Verbal signaling (vocalization)
• E.g. bark, howl, hoot, chirp
• Non-verbal signaling
• E.g. body. head, ear, & / or tail position
• Showing teeth. Smiling, sings language
Acquired behaviors
• Domestic animals have ability to learn
• They adopt new useful methods for survival within
their environment
• Animals acquire many behavioral patterns through
learning
• Learning
• Development of behavior through experience
• Determine final shape of innate behaviors
Types of learning
• Habituation
• Is waning (Fading) of a new response to a repeated
stimulus
• Simplest form of leaniing
• Occur rapidly if stimuli are given close togather
• lmportance of habituation
• Filtering large amount of information received from
surrounding environment
• Waning of the responses of farm animals to handling
procedures and housing conditions
• Animal learns to Ignore frequent, harmless stimulus
• E.g Birds on highway, habituation to Cars
Imprinting
• Animals learn to follow their mothers just after parturition
or hatching (attachment behavior)
• Lambs and colts are most ones can be imprinted to other
animal, human, objects
Imitation (observational
learning)
• Animal learns by observing another animal
• Albert Bandura, a Canadian-born psychologist, gets credit
for
developing and popularizing observational learning theory.
• observational learning can be understood via four
distinct concepts:
• attention, retention, motor reproduction, and
reinforcement
Exploratory learning (latent)
• Animals learn all characteristics of surrounding environment
and remember its landmarks
• Acquire new information about environment
Learning
• Learning occurs in a variety of ways:
• sometimes it is the result of direct observation of another
• other times, it is the result of experience through
personal interactions with the environment.
• response to an environmental stimulus
• as a result of trial and error
• Kohter's theory of insight learning became an early argument
for tiie involvement of cognition, or thinking, in the
process of learning.
Adaptations
Adaptation is a change in an animal’ s physical structure or behavior that helps
an animal to survive in their habitat.
E v e r y animal has adaptations, such as sense organal teeth, that enable it to find
and use food. Some use a wide variety of foods;
• Migration
• Hibernation And Aestivation
• Camouflage
• Mimicry
• Warning Coloration
• Adaptation Of Water Scarcity In Animals
• Adaptation To Cold
Ground squirrel Pocket Gopher GopherTortoise
Warning coloration
Development of Colors is Called Warning Coloration. They Can
Daily Escape From Predators. They Have Some Toxins Also
