23CS2205R/A/E

Design and Analysis of Algorithm

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ASYMPTOTIC EFFICIENCY
• Asymptotic efficiency means study of algorithms efficiency for large inputs.

• To compare two algorithms with running times f(n) and g(n), we need a rough
measure that characterizes how fast each function grows as n grows.

• Hint: use rate of growth

• Compare functions asymptotically!
(i.e., for large values of n)
FUNCTIONS ORDERED BY GROWTH RATE
Function Name
1 Growth is constant
logn Growth is logarithmic
n Growth is linear
nlogn Growth is n-log-n
n2 Growth is quadratic
n3 Growth is cubic
2n Growth is exponential
n! Growth is factorial

1 < logn < n < nlogn < n2 < n3 < 2n < n!

– To get a feel for how the various functions grow with n, you
are advised to study the following figs:
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• The low order terms and constants in a function are relatively insignificant for
large n
n2 + 100n + log10n + 1000 ~ n2

i.e., we say that n2 + 100n + log10n + 1000 and n2 have the same rate of
growth

Some more examples

• n4 + 100n2 + 10n + 50 is ~ n4
• 10n3 + 2n2 is ~ n3
• n3 - n2 is ~ n3
• constants
 10 is ~ 1
 1273 is ~ 1
ASYMPTOTIC/ORDER NOTATIONS
• Asymptotic/order notation describes the behavior of
functions for the large inputs.

• Big Oh(O) notation:

– The big oh notation describes an upper bound on the
asymptotic growth rate of the function f.

Definition: [Big “oh’’]

– f(n) = O(g(n)) (read as “f of n is big oh of g of n”)
iff there exist positive constants c and n0 such
that
f(n)  cg(n) for all n, n  n0.
• The definition states that the function f(n) is at most c times the
function g(n) except when n is smaller than n0.
• In other words, f(n) grows slower than or same rate as” g(n).
• When providing an upper –bound function g for f, we normally use a
single term in n.
• Examples
– f(n) = 3n+2
• 3n + 2 <= 4n, for all n >= 2, 3n + 2 =  (n)

– f(n) = 10n2+4n+2
• 10n2+4n+2 <= 11n2, for all n >= 5,  10n2+4n+2 =  (n2)

– f(n)=6*2n+n2=O(2n) /* 6*2n+n2 7*2n for n4 */

• It also possible to write 10n2+4n+2 = O(n3) since 10n2+4n+2
<=7n3 for n>=2

• Although n3 is an upper bound for 10n2+4n+2, it is not a tight

upper bound; we can find a smaller function (n2) that satisfies big
oh relation.

• But, we can not write 10n2+4n+2 =O(n), since it does not satisfy
the big oh relation for sufficiently large input.
• Omega () notation:
– The omega notation describes a lower bound on the
asymptotic growth rate of the function f.

Definition: [Omega]
– f(n) = (g(n)) (read as “f of n is omega
of g of n”) iff there exist positive
constants c and n0 such that f(n) 
cg(n) for all n,
n  n 0.
• The definition states that the function f(n) is at least c times the function g(n)
except when n is smaller than n0.
• In other words,f(n) grows faster than or same rate as” g(n).
• Examples
– f(n) = 3n+2
• 3n + 2 >= 3n, for all n >= 1, 3n + 2 =  (n)

– f(n) = 10n2+4n+2
• 10n2+4n+2 >= n2, for all n >= 1,  10n2+4n+2 =  (n2)

• It also possible to write 10n2+4n+2 = (n) since 10n2+4n+2 >=n for n>=0

• Although n is a lower bound for 10n2+4n+2, it is not a tight lower bound; we can
find a larger function (n2) that satisfies omega relation.

• But, we can not write 10n2+4n+2 = (n3), since it does not satisfy the omega
relation for sufficiently large input.
• Theta () notation:
– The Theta notation describes a tight bound on the
asymptotic growth rate of the function f.

Definition: [Theta]
– f(n) = (g(n)) (read as “f of n is theta of g of
n”) iff there exist positive constants c1, c2, and
n0 such that c1g(n)  f(n)  c2g(n) for all n, n 
n0.
• The definition states that the function f(n) lies between c1 times the function g(n)
and c2 times the function g(n) except when n is smaller than n0.
• In other words,f(n) grows same rate as” g(n).

• Examples:-
– f(n) = 3n+2
• 3n <= 3n + 2 <= 4n, for all n >= 2,  3n + 2 =  (n)

– f(n) = 10n2+4n+2
• n2<= 10n2+4n+2 <= 11n2, for all n >= 5,  10n2+4n+2 =  (n2)
• But, we can not write either 10n2+4n+2= (n) or 10n2+4n+2= (n3), since neither
of these will satisfy the theta relation.
BIG-OH, THETA, OMEGA

Tips :
• Think of O(g(n)) as “less than or equal to” g(n)
– Upper bound: “grows slower than or same rate as” g(n)

• Think of Ω(g(n)) as “greater than or equal to” g(n)

– Lower bound: “grows faster than or same rate as” g(n)

• Think of Θ(g(n)) as “equal to” g(n)

– “Tight” bound: same growth rate

• (True for large N)

EXAMPLE 1 - ITERATIVE SUM OF N NUMBERS
Statement s/e frequency Total steps

Algorithm sum(a, n) 0 -- 0
{ 0 -- 0
s:=0 ; 1 1 O(1)
for i:=1 to n do 1 n+1 O(n+1)
s:=s+a[i]; 1 n O(n)
return s; 1 1 O(1)
} 0 -- 0
Total O(n)
EXAMPLE 2 - ADDITION OF TWO M×N MATRICES
Statement s/e frequency Total steps

Algorithm Add(a,b,c,m, n) 0 -- 0
{ 0 -- 0
for i:=1 to m do 1 m+1 O(m)
for j:=1 to n do
1 m(n+1) O(mn)
c[i,j]:=a[i,j]+b[i,j] ;
} 1 mn O(mn)
0 -- 0

Total O(mn)
TIME COMPLEXITY OF TOWERS OF HANOI
• T(n) = T(n-1) + 1 + T(n-1) = 2T(n-1) + 1
= 2 * ( 2 * T(n-2) + 1) + 1
= (2 ^ 2) * T(n-2) + 2^1 + 2^0
:
= (2^k) * T(n-k) + 2^(k-1) + 2^(k-2) + ... + 2^0
Base condition T(0) == 1
n – k = 0 => n = k;
put, k = n
T(n)=2^n T(0)+2^(n-1)+....+2^1+2^0
It is GP series, and sum is 2^(n+1)-1
T(n) = O(2^n) which is exponential.

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SAMPLE QUESTIONS

• What are asymptotic notations in algorithm analysis

• Why are they important in evaluating the efficiency of algorithms

• What is the difference between the best-case, worst-case, and average-case time complexities represented by Big O
notation

• What is rate of growth

• Provide examples of algorithms and their corresponding time complexity expressed in Big O notation.

• Discuss the properties of Big O notation

• What are the rules for comparing and combining functions represented by Big O notation?

• Explain the concept of Omega notation.

• How does it differ from Big O notation, and what does it represent in terms of lower bounds of time complexity

• What is function value

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SAMPLE QUESTIONS CONT..

• What is the purpose of Theta notation

• How does it provide a tighter bound on the time complexity of an algorithm compared to Big O notation?

• Explain the concept of space complexity in asymptotic notations. How can it be represented using Big O notation?

• Discuss the concept of logarithmic time complexity and how it is represented using asymptotic notations.

• Provide examples of exponential time complexity and how it is expressed in asymptotic notations.

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