G. D.

GOENKA PUBLIC
SCHOOL, JAMMU
Class – VIII
Subject – English
Topic – Verbs and its types.
VERBS
 Verbs are words that express physical actions
(e.g., to jump), mental actions (e.g., to
guess), or states of being (e.g., to exist).
Here are some more examples: Physical
actions:
 to swim, to write, to climb
 Mental actions:

 to think, to ponder, to consider

 States of Being:

 to be, to exist, to seem

Note - Verbs are extremely important. Every sentence
requires a verb. The verb in a sentence tells us what
the subject is doing. You might find it useful to think of
VERBS EXPRESSING PHYSICAL ACTIONS

Here are some sentences with verbs that

express physical actions
 She sells pegs and lucky heather.

 The doctor wrote the prescription.

 Alison bought a ticket.

 (The verbs "sells," "wrote," and "bought" all

express physical activities.)

VERBS EXPRESSING MENTAL ACTIONS

Verbs can also express mental actions. For

example:
 Peter guessed the right number.

 I think out loud too often.

 She considers her words before she speaks.

 (The verbs "guessed," "think," and

"considers" all express mental activities.)

VERBS EXPRESSING A STATE OF BEING

A small but extremely important group of verbs do not

express any activity at all; they express a state of being.
The most important verb in this group (arguably of all) is
the verb "to be."

Here are some example sentences with different forms of

the verb "to be":
 Edwina is the largest elephant in this area.
 It was a joke.
 I am fine.
 (The verbs "is," "was," and "am" all express states of
being.)
Here are some other verbs that express a state of being:
 Alien life almost certainly exists.
 It seemed funny at the time.
HERE IS THE VERB "TO BE" IN THE
DIFFERENT TENSES:
Types
of
TRANSITIVE VERBS

 A transitive verb is one that acts on

something (i.e., it has a direct object).
For example: I saw the dog.
 (Here, the direct object is "the dog.")Lee ate the pie.

 (The direct object is "the pie.")The postman will

give Sarah the letter.

 (The direct object is "the letter.")

 The direct object of a transitive verb can be found

by finding the verb and asking "what?". For

example:
 “saw what?" (answer: the dog)

 "ate what?" (answer: the pie)

 "will give what?" (answer: the letter)

INTRANSITIVE VERB
 An intransitive verb is one that does not
act on something (i.e., there is no direct
object). For example:
 The rain fell.

 My throat hurts.

 The cat sneezed.

AUXILIARY VERB
 An auxiliary verb (or helping verb) accompanies a
main verb to help express tense, voice, or mood. The
most common auxiliary verbs are be, have, and do.
Here are some examples of auxiliary verbs:
 Lee has eaten all the pies.
 (Here, the auxiliary verb "has" helps to express the
tense of "to eat.")The table has been prepared.
 (Here, the auxiliary verbs "has been" help to express
the voice of "to prepare" (in this case, the
passive voice).)
 If he were to arrive in the next 10 minutes,
we would be on schedule.
 (Here, the auxiliary verbs "were" and "would" help to
express the mood of "to arrive" and "to be" (in this
case, the subjunctive mood).)
MODAL VERB
 A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb used to
express ideas such as ability, possibility, permission,
and obligation. The modal auxiliary verbs are "can,"
"could," "may," "might," "must," "ought to," "shall,"
"should," "will," and "would." For example:
 Lee can eat a lot of pies.
(Here, the modal verb "can" helps to express the idea
of ability.)
 Lee might eat that pie before he gets home.
("Might" helps to express the idea of possibility.)
 Lee may eat as many pies as he likes.
("May" helps to express the idea of permission.)
 Lee should give you some of that pie given you bought
it.
("Should" helps to express the idea of obligation.)
REGULAR VERBS
A regular verb is one that forms its
simple past tense and its past participle by
adding -ed or -d to the base form of the verb.
(Note: There are spelling rules to consider too.)
IRREGULAR VERBS
An irregular verb is one that does not conform to
this ruling. For example:
VERBS

Finite Non- Finite

Finite Verb

These verbs Verbs have

can be to agree with
written in the subject
different in person
tenses and number.

The boy speaks well. Those two boys speak fluently.

FINITE VERBS
 A verb having a subject and a tense
1. We want him to act as a leader.

2. I like taking photographs of insects.

 A verb is finite if it is found in a clause

in combination with a subject and a

tense
1. I walked home.

2. We saw a deer.
 The present simple and past simple

forms of a verb are always finite. E.g

1. I sing.

2. The shelter collapsed.

Non- Finite Verb

These verbs do not

show number, do
not change
according to
person (1st , 2nd, 3rd
or tense of the
subject.
NON – FINITE VERBS
 They do not show tense or have a
subject.
1. To open, tear off the tab.

2. Looking around, he noticed a letter on the

floor.
 Can’t serve as the main verb in an

independent clause which means they do

not serve as the action of a sentence.
1. We enjoyed singing yesterday.

2. We were delighted at him being awarded

the prize.
- Finite Verbs are of 3 ki

Participles

Gerunds

Infinitives
Infinitives
It does not change its
form by number,
person or tense.

It has ‘to’
Eg. to sing, to before it.
dance, to talk
Infinitives

It is used after preposition ‘to’.

So they are called ‘to infinitives’.

Eg. They are about to start

their journey.
THE INFINITIVE FORM

 The infinitive form of a verb is the version of the verb that appears in
the dictionary.
 In other words, it is the base form of the verb without any changes. So,
"look" is an example of an infinitive verb. ("Looks," "looked," and
"looking" are not the infinitive forms because some changes have
been applied.)
 Often an infinitive verb is preceded by the word "to." For example:
 I have to wear that!
("Wear" is the infinitive form of the verb.)
 She wants to go home.
("Go" is the infinitive form of the verb.)
 When the infinitive form of a verb is not preceded by "to," it is called the
"bare infinitive." For example:
 I must wear a hat.
(This time, "wear" is a bare infinitive.)
 You should go home now.
("Go" is a bare infinitive.)
Infinitives

The infinitive is the simplest

orm of the verb. It is same as t
base form of the verb.
Eg. I want to eat.
Infinitives

he infinitive is a non-finite ve
and in a sentence it comes
with a finite verb.
Eg. I want to visit my
grandmother.
Full Infinitives
Verbs which
take an infinitive
with ‘to’ are
called
full infinitives.

Eg. He wants to reconsider

his decision.
Full Infinitives

require, try, want, take, permit,

intend, wish, hope, ask, expect,
decide, like go, persuade,
forget etc.
Bare Infinitives
Verbs which take
an infinitive
without ‘to’
are called
bare infinitives.

Eg. He heard someone

slam the door.
Bare Infinitives

After some main verbs such

as have, feel, notice, hear,
watch, see, make, let, observe
overhear, help etc. bare
infinitive is used.
Infinitives

Bare infinitives are used

after auxiliaries: shall, should,
will, would, may, might, do,
id, can, could, must, need and
dare.
Gerunds
They are non-
finite verbs
that function
like nouns.

Eg. Walking is good

for health.
Gerunds
They have the
verb+ing form

Eg. Parting is always

painful.
GERUNDS
 A gerund is a verb that’s acting as a noun, which means that
the verb—the word that describes the action that’s happening,
like “biking,” “thinking,” “running,” or “speaking”—becomes
a thing, a concept that can now be the sentence’s subject, direct
object, indirect object, or the object of a preposition.
 It doesn’t stop being a verb, but the role it plays in a sentence
shifts from describing the action to being a focal point.
 Here are two examples of sentences that contain gerunds:
 As a food blogger, eating is a prominent part of my job..
 Fazal turned off his phone and shut the door so he could focus
on studying.
 This means they’re the root verb + “ing”:
 Seeing
 Cramming
 Wondering

GERUNDS

To be a gerund, a verb has to act as a noun in

its sentence. Present participle verbs
are not gerunds when they describe the action
in a sentence, like the verbs in these:
She is seeing the painting for the first time.
As I was walking to school, I tripped on uneven
pavement.
PARTICIPLES
Participles are formed from verbs. There are two
types: present participles (e.g., looking, taking)
past participles (e.g., looked, taken)
Present participles end -ing. Past participles have
various endings (e.g., -ed, -en). Here are some
more participles:
Present Participle
They are non-
finite verbs that
function like
adjectives in
sentences.

Eg. A rolling stone

gathers no moss.
Present Participle
They have the
verb+ing form. The
‘ing’ form of the
verb used with
helping verbs are
also called present
participles.
Present Participle
They describe an
unfinished action.
They can be used
with all the tenses.
The time of action is
shown by the finite
verbs in the
sentence.
Past Participle
They usually end with
‘-ed’ ‘-d’, ‘-t’, ‘-en’.
They describe a
completed action.
They also act as
adjectives.
Eg: The wind swept
away the fallen leaves.
Past Participle
They can be used with
all the tenses.
The time of action is
shown by the finite
verbs.
Eg: Hurt by little John,
Robin Hood started
fighting in earnest.
 Participles function as adjectives. Here are
some examples of participles being used as
adjectives:
 Our business is badly affected by

the soaring price of wool. (The word

"soaring" is a present participle. Here, it is
being used as an adjective to describe
"price.")

He is a forgotten hero.
(The word "forgotten" is a past participle.
Here, it is being used as an adjective to
describe "hero.")
COMPLEMENT OF A VERB
 A complement is a word or group of words
that is needed to complete the meaning of a
sentence.
 Complements are of two types

 Subject Complements

 Object Complements
SUBJECT OF A VERB

 The person or thing performing the action of

the verb is said to be the
subject of the verb.
 Tony borrowed the boat.

("Tony" is the subject of the verb "to

borrow.")
 The dog looks guilty.

("The dog" is the subject of the verb "to

look.")
 Who was that?

("Who" is the subject of the verb "to be.")

OBJECT COMPLEMENT
 Many verbs perform an action on something. The thing
being acted upon is called the direct object of the verb.
 Jerry painted her hand.
("Her hand" is the direct object of the verb "to paint.")
 Our dog Beverly can eat a whole chicken.
("A whole chicken" is the direct object of the verb "to
eat.")
 Some verbs cannot have a direct object. These verbs are
called intransitive verbs.
 The rain fell heavily.
(The rain fell, but it did not perform an action on anything.
In this example, the verb "to fall" is an intransitive verb.)
 Jack protested in the street.
(Jack protested, but he did not perform an action on
anything. The verb "to protest" is an intransitive verb.)
 Verbs that can have a direct object (most of
them) are called transitive verbs.
 Harsh copied the answer.

(The verb "copied" is a transitive verb. The

direct object of the verb is "the answer.")
 Tina saw a black fin cutting through the

water.
(The verb "saw" is a transitive verb. The
direct object of the verb is "a black fin.")
 Indirect Object of a Verb
 Some verbs have two objects, a direct object and
an indirect object. The indirect object is the
person for whom the action was performed.
 Jamie read the children a story.
(Here, "a story" is the direct object, and "the
children" is the indirect object.)
 I will bake him a cake.
("A cake" is the direct object, and "him" is the
indirect object.)
 The postman gives Anne a letter every day.
("A letter" is the direct object, and "Anne" is the
indirect object.)
PHRASAL VERB
 A phrasal verb is a verb made up of more than
one word (usually two words). A phrasal verb
has a main verb and another word (either a
preposition or a particle). The phrasal verb
usually has a meaning different to the main
verb. For example:
 A burglar will often break a window to break in.

(Here, the phrasal verb "break in" means "to

enter illegally," which is different to "break.")
 If you drop the baton the team will drop

back to last place.

(The phrasal verb "drop back" means "to fall
behind," which is different to "drop.")
SOME MORE EXAMPLES
Thank You