2 ND
QUARTER
• METHODS OF PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING IDEAS, HOW ARE
YOU GOING TO DEVELOP AN ESSAY ABOUT
THEM?
[Link] TRAVEL
[Link] EXPLORATION
[Link] PSYCHOLOGY OF COLOR
[Link] TIME
[Link] A NEW SKILL
PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
• REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF EXPANDING ON A
MAIN IDEA OR TOPIC SENTENCE WITHIN A
PARAGRAPH.
• IT INVOLVES PROVIDING SUPPORTING DETAILS,
EXAMPLES, EXPLANATIONS, OR EVIDENCE TO FULLY
DEVELOP AND CLARIFY THE CENTRAL POINT.
• A WELL-DEVELOPED PARAGRAPH ENSURES THAT THE
READER HAS A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE
TOPIC AND IS NOT LEFT WITH UNANSWERED
QUESTIONS.
KEY TECHNIQUES FOR PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT:
TOPIC SENTENCE: THIS IS THE FIRST SENTENCE OF
THE PARAGRAPH THAT INTRODUCES THE MAIN IDEA.
SUPPORTING SENTENCES: THESE SENTENCES
PROVIDE EVIDENCE, EXAMPLES, OR EXPLANATIONS
TO SUPPORT THE TOPIC SENTENCE.
CONCLUDING SENTENCE: THIS SENTENCE
SUMMARIZES THE MAIN POINT OF THE PARAGRAPH
AND OFTEN REINFORCES THE TOPIC SENTENCE.
SAMPLE TOPIC SENTENCE
1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS RAPIDLY TRANSFORMING
VARIOUS INDUSTRIES, FROM HEALTHCARE TO FINANCE.
2. CLIMATE CHANGE POSES A SIGNIFICANT THREAT TO GLOBAL
ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN SOCIETY.
3. ONLINE LEARNING PLATFORMS HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED THE
WAY STUDENTS ACCESS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES.
4. REGULAR EXERCISE IS ESSENTIAL FOR MAINTAINING
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL WELL-BEING.
5. INCOME INEQUALITY IS A PRESSING SOCIAL ISSUE THAT
REQUIRES IMMEDIATE ATTENTION.
METHODS OF PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
1. BIOGRAPHICAL
2. CATEGORICAL/TOPICAL
3. CAUSAL
4. CHRONOLOGICAL
5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
6. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
BIOGRAPHICAL
• THE BIOGRAPHICAL SPEECH PATTERN IS GENERALLY USED WHEN A
SPEAKER WANTS TO DESCRIBE A PERSON’S LIFE—EITHER A SPEAKER’S OWN
LIFE, THE LIFE OF SOMEONE THEY KNOW PERSONALLY, OR THE LIFE OF A
FAMOUS PERSON. BY THE NATURE OF THIS SPEECH ORGANIZATIONAL
PATTERN, THESE SPEECHES TEND TO BE INFORMATIVE OR ENTERTAINING;
THEY ARE USUALLY NOT PERSUASIVE.
• SPECIFIC PURPOSE TO INFORM MY AUDIENCE ABOUT THE EARLY LIFE OF
MACARIO SAKAY
• MAIN POINTS
I. DESCRIBE MACARIO SAKAY’S EARLY LIFE AND THE BEGINNING OF HIS
MILITARY LIFE
CATEGORICAL/TOPICAL
• THE MOST COMMON PATTERN FOR ORGANIZING A SPEECH IS BY
CATEGORIES OR TOPICS. THE CATEGORIES FUNCTION AS A WAY TO
HELP THE SPEAKER ORGANIZE THE MESSAGE IN A CONSISTENT
FASHION. THE GOAL OF A CATEGORICAL/TOPICAL SPEECH PATTERN IS
TO CREATE CATEGORIES (OR CHUNKS) OF INFORMATION THAT GO
TOGETHER TO HELP SUPPORT YOUR ORIGINAL SPECIFIC PURPOSE.
• SPECIFIC PURPOSE TO PERSUADE A GROUP OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS TO APPLY AT ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY
MAIN POINTS
I. LIFE IN THE DORMS
II. LIFE IN THE CLASSROOM
III. LIFE ON CAMPUS
CAUSAL
• THE CAUSAL SPEECH PATTERN IS USED TO EXPLAIN CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
RELATIONSHIPS. WHEN YOU USE A CAUSAL SPEECH PATTERN, YOUR SPEECH WILL
HAVE TWO BASIC MAIN POINTS: CAUSE AND EFFECT. IN THE FIRST MAIN POINT,
TYPICALLY YOU WILL TALK ABOUT THE CAUSES OF A PHENOMENON, AND IN THE
SECOND MAIN POINT YOU WILL THEN SHOW HOW THE CAUSES LEAD TO EITHER A
SPECIFIC EFFECT OR A SMALL SET OF EFFECTS.
• SPECIFIC PURPOSE TO INFORM MY AUDIENCE ABOUT THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH DRINKING AMONG MEMBERS OF MANGYAN TRIBAL GROUPS
• MAIN POINTS
I. EXPLAIN THE HISTORY AND PREVALENCE OF DRINKING ALCOHOL AMONG THE
MANGYANS
II. EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS THAT ABUSE OF ALCOHOL HAS ON THE MANGYANS
AND HOW THIS DIFFERS FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF OTHER
POPULATIONS.
CHRONOLOGICAL
• THE CHRONOLOGICAL SPEECH PATTERN PLACES THE MAIN IDEA IN THE
TIME ORDER IN WHICH ITEMS APPEAR—WHETHER BACKWARD OR FORWARD.
• SPECIFIC PURPOSE TO INFORM MY AUDIENCE ABOUT THE BOOKS
WRITTEN BY NICK JOAQUIN
• MAIN POINTS
I. EXAMINE THE STYLE AND CONTENT OF NICK JOAQUIN’S WRITINGS
DURING HIS EARLY LIFE
II. EXAMINE THE STYLE AND CONTENT OF NICK JOAQUIN’S WRITINGS
DURING MIDDLE AGE
III. EXAMINE THE STYLE AND CONTENT OF NICK JOAQUIN’S WRITINGS
DURING THE LATTER YEARS.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
• THIS PATTERN CLEARLY LENDS ITSELF EASILY TO TWO MAIN POINTS, BUT A THIRD POINT CAN ALSO BE
CREATED BY GIVING BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS BEING COMPARED AND WHAT IS BEING
CONTRASTED.
• SPECIFIC PURPOSE TO INFORM A GROUP OF PHYSICIANS ABOUT DRUG X, A NEWER DRUG WITH
SIMILAR APPLICATIONS TO DRUG Y
• MAIN POINTS
I. SHOW HOW DRUG X AND DRUG Y ARE SIMILAR.
II. SHOW HOW DRUG X AND DRUG Y DIFFER.
• SPECIFIC PURPOSE TO INFORM A GROUP OF PHYSICIANS ABOUT DRUG X, A NEWER DRUG WITH
SIMILAR APPLICATIONS TO DRUG Y
• MAIN POINTS
I. EXPLAIN THE BASIC PURPOSE AND USE OF BOTH DRUG X AND DRUG Y.
II. SHOW HOW DRUG X AND DRUG Y ARE SIMILAR.
III. SHOW HOW DRUG X AND DRUG Y DIFFER.
PROBLEM-CAUSE-SOLUTION
• IN THIS FORMAT YOU DESCRIBE A PROBLEM, IDENTIFY WHAT YOU BELIEVE IS
CAUSING THE PROBLEM, AND THEN RECOMMEND A SOLUTION TO CORRECT THE
PROBLEM.
• SPECIFIC PURPOSE TO PERSUADE A CIVIC GROUP TO SUPPORT A CITYWIDE
CURFEW FOR INDIVIDUALS UNDER THE AGE OF
EIGHTEEN
• MAIN POINTS
I. DEMONSTRATE THAT VANDALISM AND VIOLENCE AMONG YOUTH IS HAVING
A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON OUR COMMUNITY.
II. SHOW HOW VANDALISM AND VIOLENCE AMONG YOUTH GO UP AFTER 10:00
P.M. IN OUR COMMUNITY.
III. EXPLAIN HOW INSTITUTING A MANDATORY CURFEW AT 10:00 P.M. WOULD
