Cells

Eloisa Jan G. Tagod

General Biology I Teacher
Cell Theory
 Cells are the basic units of living
organisms.
 The cell theory states that:
 All living things are made of one or more cells.
 Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things.
 All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Sizes of Living Things
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0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m 100 m 1 mm 1 cm 0.1 m 1m 10 m 100 m 1 km

protein
chloroplast
plant and mouse rose
animal frog egg
amino cells
acid
virus
ostrich
most bacteria human egg ant egg
atom
blue whale
electron microscope human

light microscope

human eye

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Characteristics of All Cells
 A surrounding membrane
 Cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
 Organelles – structures for cell function
 Control center with DNA
Classification of Life
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell Types
 Two categories:
1. Prokaryotic cells
- Unicellular organisms such as bacteria
are examples of prokaryotes.
2. Eukaryotic Cells
- All other cells are these.
Prokaryotic Cells
 Don’t have nucleus, instead the DNA is located in the
nucleoid
 Structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
(which have a nucleus).
 Most ancient and abundant type of cells
 Prokaryotic cells are placed in two taxonomic domains:
 Bacteria

 Archaea
 Live in extreme habitats

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Prokaryote cells are smaller and
simpler
 Commonly known as bacteria
 10-100 microns in size
 Single-celled(unicellular) or
 Filamentous (strings of single
cells)
The Structure of Bacteria
 Extremely small - 1–1.5 μm wide and 2–6 μm long
 Occur in three basic shapes:
 Spherical coccus,
 Rod-shaped bacillus,
 Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible).
spirillum

spirochete
bacillus

coccus

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These are
prokaryote
E. coli
bacteria on
the head of a
steel pin.
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
 Have a simple cell structure
Prokaryote Cells Parts
 capsule: slimy outer
coating

 cell wall: tougher middle

layer

 cell membrane: delicate

inner skin
Prokaryote cells are simply
built
 cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
 DNA in one big loop
 flagella: for swimming
 ribosomes: for building
proteins; 70S (Svedberg
unit)
Prokaryote lifestyle

 unicellular: all
alone
 colony: forms a
film
 filamentous:
forms a chain of
cells
Prokaryote Feeding
 Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight
 Disease-causing: feed on living things
 Decomposers: feed on dead things
Video Recap
EUKARYOTES
Kingdom Protista
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Eukaryotes are bigger and more
complicated
 Have membrane-bound organelles
 Have chromosomes
 can be multicellular and unicellular
 include animal and plant cells
Eukaryotes

 A membrane-bound nucleus
 Numerous membrane-bound
organelles
 Several rod-shaped chromosomes
The Three Main Parts of
Eukaryotic Cell
CellMembrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Organelles are
membrane-bound cell
parts
 Mini “organs” that have
unique structures and
functions
 Located in cytoplasm
Cell Structures
 Cell membrane
 delicate lipid and
protein skin
around
cytoplasm
 found in all cells
Cell Structures
 Cell membrane
Functions:
1.Compartmentalization
 Membrane
compartmentalization
allows specialized
activities to proceed
without external
interference and enables
cellular activities to be
regulated independently
of one another.
Cell Structures
 Cellmembrane
Functions:
2. Scaffold for
biochemical activities
 Because of their construction,
membranes provide the cell with an
extensive framework or scaffolding
within which components can be
ordered for effective interaction.
Cell Structures
 Cellmembrane
Functions:
3. Providing a selectively
permeable barrier
 Membranes prevent the
unrestricted exchange of
molecules from one side to
the other.
 Cellmembrane
Functions:
4. Transporting solutes
 The membrane’s transport machinery allows
a cell to accumulate substances, such as
sugars and amino acids, that are necessary
to fuel its metabolism and build its
macromolecules. The plasma membrane is
also able to transport specific ions, thereby
establishing ionic gradients across itself. This
capability is especially critical for nerve and
muscle cells.
Cell Structures
 Cell membrane
Phospolipid bilayer
- The polar groups of
each molecular
layer were directed
outward toward the
aqueous
environment.
 Cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
Cell membrane
AMPHIPATHIC
 contain both hydrophilic
and hydrophobic regions
CYTOPLASM
 Cytoplasm
A semifluid potion of the
cell in which organelles
and inclusions are
suspended and solutes
are dissolved.
 Nucleus (Nuclei-plural)
a membrane-bound
sac evolved to store
the cell’s
chromosomes(DNA)
has pores: holes
PARTS OF THE
NUCLEUS
Nuclear Envelope
Chromatin
Nucleolus
 Nuclear
Envelope
 Membrane
enclosing the
nucleus
 Allows materials
protein-lined
pores to move in
and out
 Chromatin
A mixture of DNA
and proteins that
form the
chromosomes
 Nucleolus
 inside nucleus
 location of
ribosome factory
 made of RNA
 Mitochondrion
 makes the cell’s
energy
 the more energy
the cell needs,
the more
mitochondria it
has
 Ribosomes
 buildproteins from
amino acids in
cytoplasm
 may be free-floating,
or
 may be attached to
ER
 made of RNA
 80S (Svedberg unit)
 Endoplasmic
reticulum
 may be smooth:
builds lipids and
carbohydrates
 may be rough:
stores proteins
made by attached
ribosomes
 Golgi Complex
 takes in sacs of
raw material
from ER
 sends out sacs
containing
finished cell
products
 Lysosomes
 sacs filled with
digestive enzymes
 digest worn out cell
parts
 digest food
absorbed by cell
 Vacuole
A membrane-bound
organelle in which water,
nutrients, and waste
materials are stored.
 For storage, maintenance
of turgor pressure,
regulation of internal pH
 Centrioles
 pair of bundled
tubes
 organize cell
division
Cytoskeleton

 made of
microtubules
 found throughout
cytoplasm
 gives shape to cell
& moves
organelles around
inside.
Peroxisome
 organelles
that sequester
diverse oxidative
reactions and play
important roles in
metabolism,
reactive oxygen
species
detoxification, and
signaling.
Structures found in
plant cells
 Cell wall
 very strong
 made of cellulose
 protects cell from
rupturing
 glued to other cells
next door
 Large Vacuole
 huge water-filled
sac
 keeps cell
pressurized
 stores starch
 Chloroplasts
 filledwith
chlorophyll
 turn solar
energy into
food energy
 Plasmodesmata
 co-axial membranous
channels that cross
walls of adjacent
plant cells
 linking the cytoplasm,
plasma membranes
and endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) of cells
and allowing direct
cytoplasmic cell-to-
cell communication of
both small molecules
and macromolecules
(proteins and RNA).
How are plant and animal cells different?
Structure Animal cells Plant cells
cell membrane Yes yes
nucleus Yes yes
nucleolus yes yes
ribosomes yes yes
ER yes yes
Golgi yes yes
centrioles yes no
cell wall no yes
mitochondria yes yes
cholorplasts no yes
One big
no yes
vacuole
Eukaryote cells can be
multicellular
 The whole cell can be specialized for one
job
 cells can work together as tissues
 Tissues can work together as organs
Advantages of each kind of cell
architecture
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

simple and easy to

can specialize
grow

fast reproduction multicellularity

all the same can build large bodies

Examples of specialized
eukaryotic cells
 liver cell:
specialized to
detoxify blood
and store
glucose as
glycogen.
 Mesophyll
cell
 specialized
to capture
as much
light as
possible
 inside a leaf
How do animal cells

move?
Some can crawl with pseudopods
 Some can swim with a flagellum
 Some can swim very fast with cilia
Pseudopods
 means “fake
feet”
 extensions of cell
membrane
 example:
ameoba
Flagellum/flagella

 large whiplike tail

 pushes or pulls
cell through water
 can be single, or
a pair
Cilia

 fine, hairlike
extensions
 attached to cell
membrane
 beat in unison
How did organelles evolve?
 many scientists theorize
that eukaryotes evolved
from prokaryote ancestors.
 in 1981, Lynn Margulis
popularized the
“endosymbiont theory.”
Endosymbiont theory:
 a prokaryote ancestor “eats” a smaller
prokaryote
 the smaller prokaryote evolves a way to
avoid being digested, and lives inside its
new “host” cell kind of like a pet.
Endo = inside
Symbiont = friend
 the small prokaryotes that can do
photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts,
and “pay” their host with glucose.
 The smaller prokaryotes that can do
aerobic respiration evolve into
mitochondria, and convert the glucose
into energy the cell can use.
 Both the host and the symbiont benefit
from the relationship
 Chlorella are
tiny green cells
that live inside
some
amoeba...
endosymbiosis
may still be
evolving today!
Prokaryotes vs.
Eukaryotes

Reproduce

No organelles
organelles

Grow

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Defined

Unicellular Nucleus

metabolize

Multi or
Bacteria Unicellular
Maintain
Homeostasis!