MUSCULA

R
TISSUE

MEMBERS:
ARCUENO
CENIDOZA
LUCINO
MATIC
OBJECTIV
ES
• Identify different types of muscle
tissue and their arrangement; and
• Describe the mechanisms of
muscle contraction and
regeneration.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
Muscle tissue is composed of cells that
have the special ability to shorten or
contract in order to produce movement of
the body parts.
The tissue is highly cellular and is well
supplied with blood vessels.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
Muscles have a range of functions from
pumping blood and supporting
movement to lifting heavy weights or
giving birth. Muscles work by either
contracting or relaxing to cause
movement.
SMOOTH OR
VICERAL MUSCLE
It is found throughout the body where it serves a
variety of functions. It is in the stomach and intestines
where it helps with digestion and nutrient collection.
It is found throughout the urinary system where it
functions to help rid the body of toxins and works in
electrolyte balance.
SMOOTH OR
VICERAL MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Skeletal muscle is a highly organized tissue composed
of bundles of muscle fibers called myofibers which
contain several myofibrils. Each myofiber represents a
muscle cell with its basic cellular unit, the sarcomere.
Bundles of myofibers form fascicles, and bundles of
fascicles form muscle tissue.
SKELETAL MUSCLE
The skeleton (which includes bones, ligaments,
tendons, and cartilage) and muscles that are
attached to it make up the musculoskeletal system.
It gives the body its basic structure, posture, and
the ability to move.
SKELETAL MUSCLE
STRUCTURE OF
CARDIAC
MUSCLE
CARDIOMYOCYTES
Striated, branched cells with one or two
nuclei.
INTERCALATED DISCS
Connect cells, allowing communication and mechanical
support.
MITOCHONDRIAL DENSITY
High, indicating a need for continuous energy
CARDIAC MUSCLE
FUNCTIONS OF
CARDIAC MUSCLE
INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
Regulated by the autonomic nervous system
and pacemaker cells
RHYTHMIC CONTRACTION
Initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node, ensuring coordinated
heartbeats.
ADAPTABILITY
Adjusts to physiological demands, such as increased
PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
EXCITABILITY AND CONDUCTIVITY
Generates and propagates action potentials for heart
contractions.
REFRACTORY PERIOD
Longer than skeletal muscle, preventing tetanus and allowing
heart refilling.

AEROBIC METABOLISM
Primarily uses fatty acids and glucose for
CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
DISEASES
Conditions like ischemic heart disease and heart failure
impair cardiac function.

HEART ATTACKS
Result from blocked blood flow, causing muscle
damage.
ARRHYTHMIAS
Abnormal electrical conduction leading to inadequate heart
function.
STRUCTURE OF MYOFIBRIL
AND ITS RELATION TO
MUSCLE
Myofibrils are long contractile fibers, group of
which run parallel to each other on the long axis
of the myocytes (long single multinucleated
cells that combine to form the muscle). The
myocytes run parallel to each other on the long
axis of the cell.
The myofibrils are made up of thick and thin
myofilaments, which give the muscle its striped
appearance. The thick filaments are composed strands of
protein myosin, and the thin filaments are strands of
the protein actin, along with two other muscle regulatory
proteins, tropomyosin and troponin. Under the influence
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), actin and myosin form
a contractile compound, actomyosin, which is required
SARCOMERE
• Myofibrils are essentially polymers, or repeating units of
sarcomeres. The shortening of the individual sarcomeres
leads to the contraction of the individual sarcomeres leads
to the contraction of the individual muscles fibers, leading
to muscle contractions.
• The sarcomere structures give skeletal muscle its striated
appearance and are readily visible on electron microscopy.
• The sarcomeric subunits of smooth muscle have no
alignment. Hence there are no striations, and hence the
cells are called smooth.
MYOFIBRILS AND
ADAPTATION
• Individual myofibrils (approximately 1 in diameter)
comprise approximately 80% of the volume of a whole
muscle. The number of myofibrils ranges from 50 per
myocyte in the muscles of a fetus to approximately 2000
per myocyte in the muscles of an untrained adult.
• The hypertrophy and atrophy of adult skeletal muscle are
associated with certain types of training and disuse and
result from the regulation of the number of myofibrils per
fiber.
• Growth in the girth of the muscle fibers
appears to take place by splitting of the
myofibrils which can be stimulated by
development of stress on the sarcomere. This
adds to the diameter or girth of myofibrils
without any hyperplasia.
• The growth in length occurs at either end of
THE MECHANISM
OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
• Skeletal muscles primarily attach to bones,
and
they help you move your body.

• Skeletal muscles contract on a voluntary basis

via
the somatic nervous system, allowing you to move
your body and will.
• Each skeletal muscle is considered
an organ,
and it’s made up of connective tissue
layers, muscle fibers, blood vessels, and
nerves.
• Skeletal muscles attach to
the bones through tendons
or direct attachments.
• “Epi” means “upon or
over” (think epidermis as
the layer upon your skin) and
“mysium” comes from a
Greek word that means
“muscle”.
• Muscle fibers are brunched together
into something called fascicles, which
means bundles. These fascicles that
are surrounding tissue called
perimysium.
• Inside the fascicles, another
connective tissue layer called the
endomysium that surrounds
individual muscles cells.
• Muscle fibers are long and
cylindrical, and they contain severa
nucleic.
• Inside each muscle fiber, there
are tiny rods called myofibrils,
which are surrounded by
sarcoplasm.
Z disc: the zigzag portion that marks the end of each
sarcomere and allows for the attachment of thin actin
• Each sarcomere contains thin
(action) filaments and thick
(myosin) filaments.
• The thin (action) filaments anchor to
the Z disc.
• These thick (myosin) filaments
attach to an elastic, springy protein
called titin, which then attach to the
Z disc.
• “M lines” anchor to the center of
the myosin filaments holding them
together while acting as a shock
A BAND: the sarcomere section that contains the entire length of a thick myosin
filament, along with overlapping portions of the thin actin filaments, making the dark
striation pattern.

I BAND: the section of the sarcomere that surrounds the Z disc and contains only thin
(actin) filaments. This section makes up the lighter band in the striation pattern.

H ZONE: section within the A band that consists of the thick myosin filaments and its
embedded M lines. There are no thin filaments in this section of the sarcomere when it’s
MUSCLE
ARRANGEMENT IN
BUNDLE
• Muscles fibers are arranged in bundles called
fascicles.
FASCICLES- are muscle fibers that grouped together
into bundles. Each fascicle is surrounded by a layer of
connective tissue called perimysium.
ENDOMYSIUM- is the key element that separates
single muscle fibers from one another.
EPIMYSIUM- is the dense connective tissue that
surrounds the entire muscle tissue.
PERIMYSIUM- is composed of collagen and elastin
fibers, which contributes to the resistance of a
muscle to tensile forces.
This arrangements plays a crucial role in muscle
function and strength. Here’s a brief overview of how
muscle fibers are organized:
• MUSCLE FIBER (Myofiber)- The basic unit of a
muscle. These long, cylindrical cells are responsible
for muscle contraction. Each muscle fiber contains
many myofibrils, which are further divided into
sarcomeres.
• MYOFIBRIL- very fine contractile fibers, group of
which extend in parallel column along the length of
striated muscle fibers.
• MYOSIN AND ACTIN FILAMENTS- overlap in
peripheral regions of the A band, whereas a middle
region ( called the H zone) contains only myosin.
• STRIATED MUSCLE TISSUE- is a muscle tissue
that features repeating functional units called
sarcomeres.
• SARCOLEMMA- is the plasma membrane of the
muscle cell and is surrounded by basement
membrane and endomysial connective tissue.
REGENERATION OF
MUSCLES
REGENERATION OF MUSCLES- skeletal muscle
regeneration is an efficient stem cell-based repair
system that ensures healthy musculature.

The process of muscle regeneration can be divided

into several stages:
PROLIFERATION OF THE ACTIVATED MUSCLE
STEM CELLS (MuSC)- mediated skeletal muscle
regeneration. Following injury, quiescent MuSC’s are
activated and undergo rapid proliferation.
DIFFERENTATION OF THE MUSCLE STEM CELLS-
stem cell differentiation involves the changing of a
cell to a more specialized cell type, involving a switch
from proliferation to specialization.
NECROSIS OF THE INJURED MUSCLE CELLS- refers
to the process by which cells die due to injury, lack of
blood flow, or other forms of stress or infection.
ACTIVATION OF MUSCLE STEM CELLS- in response
to muscle damage such as injury, toxins, diseases or
exercise.
references:
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