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Plant and Animal Cell Online

BIO

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4 views

Plant and Animal Cell Online

BIO

Uploaded by

atienzamikha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plant And

Animal
Cell
THE CELL
ORGANELLES
THE CELL ORGANELLES

Organelles are a common feature of a eukaryotic cell. For a cellular


structure to be considered an organelle, it must be surrounded by a
membrane just as the nucleus is.
Organelles are embedded in the cytoplasm of the cell. The gel-like
structure of the cytoplasm allows exchange of materials between
organelles within the cell.
Most organelles are the same for all types of eukaryotic cell, but
some organelles are only found in a specific type of eukaryotic cell
like plant cells and animal cells.
Major Organelles
Found in All Types
of Eukaryotic Cell
Nuclear envelope is the membrane enclosing the nucleus. Both the
inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are phospholipid
bilayers. The nuclear envelope is punctuated with pores that control
the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm
and cytoplasm.
Nucleolus is the darkly strained area within the
nucleus. It aggregates the ribosomal RNA with
ribosomal proteins to assemble the ribosomal
subunits that are transported out through the pores
in the nuclear envelope out to the cytoplasm

Chromosomes are the structures within the


nucleus that are made up of DNA. The unwound
protein-DNA complexes are called chromatin.
Chromatin describes the material that makes up the
chromosomes both when condensed and
decondensed.
Nucleus
• most prominent part found in a eukaryotic
cell.
• main function of the cell nucleus is to
control gene expression and mediate the
replication of DNA during the cell cycle. It
has the following parts:
Fig. 3:
Ribosomes were
first observed in the
mid-1950s by
Romanian-
American cell
biologist George
Emil Palade, using
an electron
microscope, as
dense particles or
granules
Ribosome is the organelle responsible for protein
synthesis and are considered the protein factories of
the cell.
Ribosomes receive their “order” of protein synthesis
from the nucleus where the DNA is transcribed into
mRNA.
The mRNA travels to the ribosomes which translates
the code provided by the sequence of nitrogenous
bases in the mRNA into a specific order of amino
acids in protein.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are oval-shaped, double membrane
organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA.
The inner layer has folds called cristae. The area surrounded
by the folds is called the mitochondrial matrix.
Mitochondria are often called the “powerhouses” or
“energy factories” of the cell because they are responsible
in making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main
energy carrying molecule through the process called
cellular respiration.
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi Apparatus is a membrane-bound
organelle that is made up of a series of flattened,
stacked pouches called cisternae.
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for
transporting, modifying, and packaging
proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to
targeted destinations.
It was discovered in 1898 by Italian
physician Camillo Golgi during an investigation
of the nervous system.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum was observed with light
microscope by Garnier in 1897, who coined the term
"ergastoplasm".
With electron microscopy, the lacy membranes of
the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by
Keith R. Porter, Albert Claude, and Ernest F. Fullam.
It is a network of membranous tubules within the
cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the
nuclear membrane.
It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in
protein and lipid synthesis. The ER is classified as either:
smooth ER or rough ER
The cytoskeleton is a system of filaments or fibers that is
present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is made up of
microtubules (tubulin), microfilaments (actin), and
intermediate filaments.
Intermediate filaments for structure of the cell.
Microtubules they help the cell resist compression. It is
also the structural elements for flagella, cilia and
centrioles.
Microfilaments function in cellular movement.
Organelles Found in Animal Cells

Animal cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the


kingdom Animalia. They are eukaryotic cells, meaning that
they have a true nucleus and specialized structures called
organelles that carry out different functions. Aside from the
nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton, the animal cell has
also the following organelles, which are unique for them, and
cannot be found in plant cells:
Fig. 9: The animal cell and its parts and function.
image retrieved from https://images.app.goo.gl/kqbc7DnQifhwqNao7
 Lysosome is an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative
enzymes, hydrolytic enzyme mixture enclosed in a membrane. Lysosomes act as the
waste disposal system of the cell by digesting obsolete or un-used materials in the
cytoplasm, from both inside and outside the cell. Material from outside the cell is taken-up
through endocytosis, while material from the inside of the cell is digested through
autophagy

 Peroxisome are small round organelles enclosed by a single membrane. They carry out
oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids. They also detoxify many
poisons that may enter the body. For example, alcohol is detoxified by peroxisomes in
liver cells.

 Centrioles was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and later described and
named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri. Centrioles are minute cylindrical organelle near the
nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle
fibers in cell division
•
Organelles Found in Plant Cells
Plants are an incredibly important kingdom of organisms. They
are classified as multicellular organisms made up of eukaryotic cells.
They have the ability to make their own food through the process of
photosynthesis, this is possible because plant cells have chloroplast,
the organelle which served as the site for photosynthesis. This is one
of the difference between plants and animals. Animals depend on
other organisms such as plants and other animals for food, making
them heterotrophs. Plants on the other hand, can manufacture their
own food, thus they are called autotrophs.
In terms of cellular structure, plant
cell and animal cell also differ. Plant
cells have central vacuole, cell wall,
plastids and chloroplast that are not
found in animal cells.
Plant cells each have
a large central
vacuole that
occupies most of the
area of the cell. The
vacuole plays a key
role in regulating the
cell’s concentration
of water in changing
environmental
conditions
Have you ever noticed that if you forget to water a plant
for a few days, it wilts? That is because as the water
concentration in the soil becomes lower than the water
concentration in the plant, water moves out of the central
vacuoles and cytoplasm and into the soil.
As the central vacuole shrinks, it leaves the cell wall
unsupported. This loss of support to the cell walls of a
plant results in the wilted appearance.
Additionally, this fluid has a very bitter taste, which
discourages consumption by insects and animals. The
central vacuole also functions to store proteins in
developing seed cells.

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