Clause:

A group of words which contains subject and predicate and sometimes

it gives complete sense and sometimes it does not give complete sense.
EX: He will pass the exam. Independent clause.
If he works hard. Dependent clause.
Difference between clause and sentence:
•Clause:
• A group of words which contains subject and predicate and sometimes it
gives complete sense and sometimes it does not give complete sense.
•EX: He will pass the exam. Independent clause.
• If he works hard. Dependent clause.
•Sentence:
•A group of words which has a subject and predicate and gives clear and
complete sense is called sentence.
•Ex: He goes to center.
Imp Questions:

•Q: what is difference between independent clause and sentence?

•Ans: There is no difference between independent clause and sentence.
•Q: Then why independent clause is called a clause?
•Ans: Because it is the result of dependent clause.
•EX: If he works hard, He will pass the exam.
Types of clauses:
There are 2 types of clauses.
1. Independent clause: 2. Dependent clause:
•Or Main clause •Or Sub ordinate clause
•Or Principal clause •Or If clause
•Or Super ordinate clause •Or Conditional clause
•Or Matrix clause •Or Provision clause
•Or Result clause •Or Sub clause
•Def: A clause which gives complete sense •Def: A clause which does not give
and can stand by itself as a complete complete sense and cannot stand by itself as a
sentence. complete sentence.
•EX: He will win the race. •EX: If he runs fast.
Types of independent clause:
There are five types of independent clause.

1. Declarative / assertive clauses:

•Those clauses which make statements and give complete sense.
• Ex: I eat food. He played cricket. We shall go to Karachi.
2. Optative clauses:
•Those clauses which express wish, deep desires and pray and they give
complete sense.
•EX: Would that I were a teacher! O’that she had a car!
•May you live long!
Cont…
3. Interrogative clauses:
•Those clauses in which we ask questions and they give complete sense.
•EX: Does he run daily? Can I come in? What is her name?
4. Exclamatory clauses:
•Those clauses which express happiness, sorrow, and wonder and they give complete sense.
•EX: What a nice weather! Hurrah! We passed the exam.
5. Imperative clauses:
•Those clauses which express order, request, suggestion, advice, urge and they give complete
sense.
•EX: Get out. Please, call me. Obey your parents. Work hard.
1.Adjective clauses:
2.Adverb clauses:
3.Noun clauses:
Types of dependent 4.Finite clauses:
clauses: 5.Infinite / nonfinite clauses:
There are 11 types 6.Verbless clauses:
of dependent 7.Elliptical clauses:
clauses.
8.Comment clause
9.Participle clause:
10.Preference clauses:
11.Clauses of proportion:
Adjective:

•An adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a

noun/ pronoun.
•EX: He is a good boy. We are five students.
•They were dishonest. He is a brave man.
Advance points about adjective:
1. When 2 nouns come together the first one as an adjective.
•Ex: Baluchistan university. Biology teacher. Serena
hotel.
2. When an adjective comes it is placed before both the nouns.
•Ex: A big Baluchistan university. A sharp biology teacher. A
beautiful Serena hotel.
3. When a number comes before noun, it also acts as an adjective and we cannot write it
in plural form because adjective does not have any plural form.
•Ex: 5-rupee note. 10-day journey. 50-over matches.
•Note: such adjectives are known as phrasal adjective because they are consisting of
more than one word. (hyphen -)
General formula/ Sequence of adjective:
Opshacom:

• Numeral adj+ general opinion+ size+ shape+ age+ colour/ design+ origin+
material+ noun.
•Ex: A cheap big round new white Indian steel door.
•One expensive small oval old black check Chinese iron window.
•Few charming dark-brown American copper watches.
•A few handsome extra-large light-blue Swiss cars.
•It is a good small round new red American plastic electric picture frame.
Adjective clause:
•A group of words which contains subject and predicate of its own and does the work of
an adjective.
•EX: He is the boy who is brave.
•They were the girls whom we taught.
•Introduction:
•Adjective clause is introduced by relative pronoun (those words which are used in in
place of a noun or pronoun and they join two clauses.
•Such as: Who, whom, which, that, whose
•Or adjective clause is introduced by relative adverbs (those words which shows place,
time and cause and they join two clauses).
•Such as: Where, when, why
Usages of relative pronouns:

•Who: It is used for person as a •Whom: It is also used for person but
subject.
as an object.
•Ex: He is the boy, he is brave. •Ex: He is the boy, I teach him.
•He is the boy who is brave. •He is the boy whom I teach.
•They were the girls, they talked to •They were the girls, we talked them.
us.
•They are the girls who talked to us. •They are the girl whom we talked.

Note: If our subjects are same, we use subjective cases of relative pronouns but if our subjects are
different we use objective cases of relative pronouns.
Which: It is used for things and animals as subject and
object.
•Subjective case: •Objective case:
•It is a pen. It is a new. •It is the pen. I use it.
•It is a pen which is new. •It is the pen which I use.
•They are the shoes. They are old. •They are the shoes. We wear them.
•They are the shoes which are old. •They are the shoes which we wear.
•It is the cat. It is white. •It is the cat. I love it.
•It is the cat which is white. •It is the cat which I love.
•Those are the dogs. Those bite. •These are the dogs. We tame them.
Those are dogs which bite. Those are the dogs which we tame.
That: It is used for persons, things and animals as subject and
object.

•Subjective case: •Objective case:

•It is the pen. It is new. •It is the pen. I use it.
•It is the pen that is new. •It is the pen that I use.
•They are the shoes. They are old. •They are shoes. We wear them.
•They are the shoes that are old. •They are the shoes that we wear.
•It is the cat. It is white. •It is the cat. I love it.
•It is the cat that is white. •It is the cat that I love.
•Whose:
•It is used for possession/ property.
•That for person: •EX: He is the boy. His car is new.
•He is the boy. He is brave. •He is the boy whose car is new.
•He is the boy that is brave. •She was the girl. Her home was new.
•We were the persons. They helped •She is the girl whose home is new.
us. •We are the students. Our room is clean.
•We were the persons that they •We are the students whose room is clean.
helped. •They are the persons. Their health is good.
•They are the persons whose health is good.
Usages of relative adverbs:
•When: It is used for time.
•Where: It is used for location/ place. •Ex: This is the time when people leave
for Hajj.
•EX: It is place where people sit. •Those were the days when we enjoyed.
•Those were grounds where we •Why: It is used for reason/ cause.
played.
•EX: This is the reason why they fail in
exam.
•These are the cause why they left you.
Types of adjective clause:

1.Defining/ restrictive / important / necessary/ essential adjective clause.

•A clause which is important/ necessary for the completion of the sense of the
sentences.
•EX: He is the boy who speaks English. She was the girl whom we
taught.
•It is the cat that bites the people.
•Note: If defining adjective clause is removed sense of the sentence will not be
clear therefore it is called important / necessary adjective clause.
•Punctuation: No comma is used in defining adjective clause.
2. Non-defining / non-restrictive / unimportant / unnecessary / non-essential
adjective clause

•A clause which is not important for the completion of the sense of sentence
rather it gives extra information about noun/pronoun.
•EX: Allama Iqbal, who wrote many books, was form Sialkot.
•Quaid Jan, who achieved Pakistan, died in Ziarat.
•Bolan, which is beautiful place, is in Baluchistan.
•Punctuation: We use comma before and after non-defining adj-clause.
Contact clause:
•A clause which is used without relative pronouns.
•Ex: He is boy. I teach him. He is the boy whom I teach. He is
the boy. I teach.
•They are the dogs. we chase them.They are the dogs which we chase. They are the dogs we
chase.
•It is the cat. I like it. It is the cat that I like.
It is the cat I like.
•Note: Contact clause can be formed if our subjects are different or if we have objective uses of
relative pronouns.
•Punctuation: No comma is used in contact clause.
Connective clause

•A clause which does not modify noun/ pronoun rather it keeps the story continuous.
•EX: I gave him a book, who read it complete.
•She asks them questions, who reply satisfactory.
•We shall show her a picture, who will take interest in.
•Note: In the independent parts of connective clauses we always use di-transitive
verbs (those verbs which contain two objects).
•Punctuation: We use comma before connective clause.
Adverb clause:

•A group of words which contains subject and predicate of its own

and does the work of an adverb.
•Ex: He sits where he likes.
•She is so nice that we all respect her.
•They played so well that they won all games.
Kinds of adverb clause:
There are 9 kinds of adverb clause:

1.Adverb clause of time:

2.Adverb clause of place: 6.Adverb clause of comparison:
3.Adverb clause of condition: 7.Adverb clause of result/
4.Adverb clause of supposition/ consequence:
concession: 8.Adverb clause of purpose:
5.Adverb clause of cause/ reason: 9.Adverb clause of manner:
Sub-ordinating conjunction:

•Those conjunctions which join independent clause to dependent clause.

•EX: He will work hard if he gets a chance.
i. Adverb clause of time:
•A clause which shows time.
•Introduction: It is introduced by sub-ordinating conjunctions.
•Such as: when, before, after, as soon as, so long as, as long as, by the time, 1st
time, last time.
Advanced points:
Future tenses are not used in adverb •They will be teaching, we shall disturb
clauses. them.
•They following changes occur. •As long as they teach, we shall disturb
1)Future simple them.
2)Future progressive •We shall disturb them as long as they
3)Present progressive (for future teach.
arrangements) are changed into •Zardari is coming tonight, we shall pelt
present simple. him with stones.
•EX: He will come. we shall receive •As soon as Zardari comes, we shall pelt
him. him with stones.
•When comes, we shall receive him. •We shall pelt him with stones as soon
•We shall receive him when he comes. as Zardari comes.
4. The present progressive tense can be used in time adverb clause, if it
shows present actions.
•EX: By the time they are studying, we shall help them.
•Or we shall help them by the time they are studying.
5. The future perfect tense is changed into present perfect tense.
•EX: He will have cooked food, we shall eat.
•By the time he has cooked food, we shall eat.
•We shall eat by the time he has cooked food.
6. The future perfect continuous is changed into present perfect continuous.
•EX: They will have been abusing since morning, you will beat them.
•As long as they have been abusing, you will beat them.
•You will beat them as long as they have been abusing.
Adverb clause of place:

•A clause which shows place.

•Introduction: It is introduced by sub-ordinating conjunctions.
•Such as: where, anywhere, everywhere.
•Ex: He sits where he likes.
•They studied anywhere they found a book.
•We shall play everywhere we see a ground.
•Note: Adverb clause of place is normally used after independent clause.
Adverb clause of condition:

•A clause which shows condition.

•Introduction: It is introduced by sub-ordinating conjunctions.
•Such as: if, whether, unless.
•Ex: If he runs fast, he will win the race.
•He will win the race if he run fast.
•Whether they come or not, we shall go.
•We shall go whether they come or not.
•Unless they work hard, they will not pass the exam.
•They will not pass the exam unless they work hard.
Adverb clause of supposition/ concession:
•A clause which shows supposition/ concession.
•Introduction: It is introduced by sub-ordinating conjunctions.
•Such as: though, although, even though, even if.
•EX: Though he is rich, he is miser.
•He is miser though he is rich.
•Although they played well, they lost the match.
•They lost the match although they played well.
•Even though/ even if he does not run fast, he wins the race.
•He wins the race even though/ even if he does not run fast.
Adverb clause of cause/ reason
•A clause which shows cause / reason. •EX: So long as / as long as they are our neighbor we
should protect them.
•Introduction: It is introduced by sub-ordinating
conjunctions. •We should protect them so long as/ as long as they are
•Such as: because, as, since, so long as, as long as, now our neighbor.
that, in as much as. •Now that: It means because now.
•EX: He speaks English because he knows. •EX: Now that they have grown, we should not help
them.
•Advanced points:
•As: means because. •We should not help them now that they have grown.
•EX: As he is a teacher, we shall respect him. •Note: Now that is used only for present future, not for
past.
•We shall respect him as he is a teacher.
•In as much as: It means because
•Since: It also means because.
•EX: In as much as they are ill, we should support them.
•EX: Since they play well, we shall give them a chance.
•We should support them in as much as they are ill.
•We shall give them a chance since they played well.
•So long as / as long as: They also mean because.
Adverb clause of comparison:

•A clause where we compare two things.

•Introduction: It is introduced by sub- ordinating conjunctions.
•Such as: than, as.
•Ex: He is better than I am.
•They are faster than he was.
•She was as fast as Cheeta is.
•The speak loud as Obama does.
Adverb clause of result/ consequence:
•A clause which shows result.
•Introduction: It is introduced by sub-ordinating conjunctions.
•Such as: such, so… that
Advanced points:
•Such: It is an adjective and used before another adjective+ noun.
•Forma: Such+ (a/ an) +adj+ noun+ that…
•Ex: He is such a nice student that everyone likes him.
•She was such an intelligent girl that she always got position.
•They were such clever boys that they faxed every boy.
•So: It is an adverb and used before an adjective or another adverb.
Cont…

•Forma: 1. So+ adj+ that…

•Ex: He is so intelligent that he surpasses everyone.
•They were so dull that they always failed in exam.
•Forma: 2. So+ adv+ that…
•He plays so well that he deceives everyone.
•They run so fast that they crossed all of us.
Adverb clause of purpose:

•A clause which shows purpose.

•Introduction: It is introduced by sub-ordinating conjunctions.
•Such as: that, so that, in order that
•The following modal auxiliaries are used for present and future.
• Will, may, should
•Forma: 1. Main clause+ that/so that/ in order that+ sub+ will/may/ should+ 1 st

v+ obj.
•Ex: He works hard that he will pass the exam.
•She runs fast so that she may win the race.
•They play well in order that they should get trophy.
The following modal auxiliaries are used for past.

• Would/ might/ should

•Forma: 2. Main clause+ that/so that/ in order that+ sub+ would/might/ should+
1st v+ obj.
•Ex: He worked hard that he would pass the exam.
•She runs fast so that she might win the race.
•They played well in order that they should get trophy.
Adverb clause of manner:
•A clause which shows manner.
•Introduction: It is introduced by sub-ordinating conjunctions.
•Such as: as / as if/ as though
• For possible present status:
•Forma: Main clause+ As/ as if/as though+ sub+ is/am/ are+ obj.
•Ex: He looks as he is a teacher. (He may/ may not be.)
• I seem as if I am a student. (I may/ may not be.)
•They appear as though they are doctors. (They may/ may not be.)
• For possible present action:
•Forma: Main clause+ As/ as if/as though+ sub+ 1 v+ obj.
st

•Ex: He looks as he plays well. (He may/ may not play well.)
•I seem as if I run fast. (I may/ may not.)
•They appear as though they win the match. (They may/ may not.)
• For unreal present status:
•Forma: Main clause+ As/ as if/as though+ sub+ were+ obj.
•Ex: He looks as he were a teacher. (He is not.)
•I seem as if I were a student. (I am not.)
•They appear as though they were doctors. (They are not.)
• For unreal present action:
•Forma: Main clause+ As/ as if/as though+ sub+ 2 v+ obj.
nd

•Ex: He looks as he played well. (He does not.)

•I seem as if I run fast. (I do not.)
•They appear as though they win the match. (They do not.)
Noun Clause:
•A group of words which contains subject and predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.
1. Noun clause as subject of the sentence:
•Ex: What he teaches is English.
•How they played was amazing.
•Why he left is unknown.
2. Noun clause as an object of the sentence
•Ex: He says that he is an intelligent.
•She reported what we said.
•They will speak how Musharraf speaks.
Cont…
3. Noun clause as object of “ing” form:
•Ex: He is saying that he is clever.
•They were teaching what we taught.
•You will be going where Ali goes.
4. Noun clause as an object of infinitive:
•Ex: I want to know what he teaches.
•They liked to learn what we said.
•She will prefer to study how they study.
5. Noun clause as object of preposition:
•Ex: He is interested in what we say.
•She believes in what they spoke.
•We shall listen to that she says.
Cont…
6. Noun clause in apposition to noun:
•Ex: The news that democracy has been restored is true.
•The report that Nawaz Sharif has come is false.
•The statement that marshal law has been imposed is true.
•Question: What is difference between non-defining adjective clause and noun clause in
apposition to noun?
•Answer: (1) Non-defining adjective usually splits the independent clause by commas but
when “noun clause” is used in apposition to a noun in a sentence, it does not split the
independent clause.
•Answer: (2) the noun used in independent clause of non-defining adjective clause is always
of a concrete nature but the noun followed by noun clause in apposition to a noun is always
of an abstract nature.
Cont…
•Non-defining adj clause: Noun clause in apposition to noun:
Abid, who is an office incharge, is a nice person. The idea that we should have good
relations with India is good.
Pakistan, which is situated in Asia, is an Islamic country. Your suggestion that we should
work hard is worth appreciating.
•Copula/ copular/ copulas/ copulative/ linking verbs of incomplete prediction:
• Is/ am/ are/was/ were/ look/ seem/ taste/ appear/sound/smell.
•Those verbs which join subject to complement.
•Ex: He is a doctor.
•They were students.
•He looks happy.
Cont…

•Complement:
•The verbs of incomplete prediction which requires a word / group of words to
make the predicate complete is called complement.
•Ex: He is a doctor.
•She seems smart and happy.
•Or: A group of words which completes the predicate.
•Note: Complement can only be noun/ adjective.
Cont…
• Types of complement:
•There are 2 types of complement.
i. Subjective complement: When the object has relation with subject the object is called
subjective complement.
•Ex: He is a doctor.
•She appears rich.
i. Objective complement: When the last object has relation with the first object the last object is
called objective complement.
•Ex: He made me a doctor.
•She selected him as a husband.
•We appointed them as teachers.
Cont…

7. Noun clause as a complement of the verb of incomplete

prediction:
•Ex: Life is what we make it.
•Our choice looks how their choice is.
•Their selection was that we selected.