DISS
Tools and
Methods in
Counseling
ST: MS. SHELAME GARCIANO
Learning Objectives
01
At the end of this lesson, you should be
able to illustrate the tools and methods of
counseling.
Lesson Agenda
Introduction Try this!
An overview of what listening is and why it An activity assessing a specific situation and
is important in effective communication. identifying what type of listening is being
exhibited.
Counselling Performance Task
Counselling is a form of 'talk therapy'. A brief discussion on the performance task
that will be done collaboratively by the
students.
Counseling
Counselling is a process of talking about and working through your
personal problems with a counsellor. The counsellor helps you to
address your problems in a positive way by helping you to clarify the
issues, explore options, develop strategies and increase self-
awareness.
Tools in counseling
A counselor uses a variety of assessment tools and techniques to help his or her clients. These tools
can be used either during the assessment phase or the process of intervention. They can be either
non-standardized or standardized. Both types of techniques are used in collecting primary data. All
tools are useful. The only consideration which the counselor should keep in mind is that the tools used should
yield reliable and objective information. Moreover, the use of a certain tool depends on the kind of information the
counselor
aims to gather.
NONSTANDARDIZED
Non-testing techniques in
guidance provide a
broader and much more
subjective approach to
data gathering and
interpretation.
Nonstandardized Techniques
Questionnaire
Observation
Sociometry
Autobiography
Nonstandardized Techniques
Rating scale
Anecdotal record
Case study
Cumulative record
Nonstandardized Techniques
Interview
Anecdotal record
STANDARDIZED
These tools are used to measure intelligence,
aptitudes, interests, and personality traits.
Each test is prepared by a qualified professional
or group of professionals; hence, every
item is meaningful and has a corresponding
value. These tools are developed through
careful and rigid processes to make sure that
they provide reliable information. They
consume less time to administer, are reusable,
and can be scored easily.
Standardized Techniques
Aptitude test
Achievement tests
Interest inventory
Personality test
Methods and Approaches in Counseling
Approaches can be thought of as philosophical lenses
through which a particular life problem or concern is understood and addressed. Thus,
different approaches in counseling provide differing explanations as to why a client has a
certain problem.
Psychodynamic
Approach (Classic
Theories)
Its first proponent was
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician.
Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological
drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories
originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis,
which focused on the unconscious mind as the
source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
A. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud's theory suggests that human behavior
is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and
urges. This theory also proposes that the psyche
comprises three aspects: the id, ego, and superego. The
id is entirely unconscious, while the ego operates in the
conscious mind.
B. Adler’s Individual
Psychology
Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
posits that humans are primarily
motivated by social connectedness
and a striving for superiority or
success. He believed that feelings of
inferiority drive individuals to
achieve personal goals.
C. Jung’s Analytic
Psychology
Carl Jung's psychological types
theory suggests that people
experience the world using four
principal psychological functions –
sensation, intuition, feeling, and
thinking – and that one of these four
functions is dominant for a person
most of the time.
Experiential Theories
Experiential learning focuses on the idea that the best ways to learn things is by actually having
experiences. Those experiences then stick out in your mind and help you retain information and
remember facts.
A. Rogers’s Person-Centered
Counseling
Carl Rogers' person-centered psychology
emphasizes the importance of building a
therapeutic relationship based on
empathy, respect, and authenticity. The
therapist's role is to support and
encourage the client's self-discovery
process without interrupting or changing
the direction of the conversation.
B. Perls’s Gestalt
Therapy
Developed in the late 1940s by Fritz Perls,
gestalt therapy is guided by the relational
theory principle that every individual is a
whole (mind, body and soul) and that they
are best understood in relation to their
current situation as he/she experiences it.
Learning Objectives
The cognitive-behavioral theories refer to the task of cognition in psychological
functioning. Cognitions are thoughts, beliefs, and internal images about events in the
clients’ lives. Cognitive counseling theories emphasize mental processes and their effects
on mental health. The famous cognitive theorists include Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and
Eric Berne.
A. Ellis’s Rational
Emotive Behavior
Therapy (REBT)
Rational emotive behavior therapy
(REBT) is a type of cognitive
behavioral therapy (CBT) that aims to
help a person challenge unhelpful
thoughts to avoid negative emotions or
behaviors. REBT started in 1955 when
Dr. Albert Ellis created the therapy as
an action-oriented type of CBT.
B. Beck’s Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy
(CBT)
Rational emotive behavior therapy
(REBT) is a type of cognitive
behavioral therapy (CBT) that aims
to help a person challenge unhelpful
thoughts to avoid negative emotions
or behaviors. REBT started in 1955
when Dr. Albert Ellis created the
therapy as an action-oriented type
of CBT.
C. Berne’s Transactional
Analysis (TA)
Transactional analysis is a psychoanalytic
theory and method of therapy wherein social
interactions (or "transactions") are analyzed
to determine the ego state of the
communicator (whether parent-like,
childlike, or adult-like) as a basis for
understanding behavior.
Eclectic Counseling
Eclectic therapy is a form of a therapeutic approach. It combines therapeutic principles
and philosophies to create and shape a suitable treatment program for an individual based
on his or her specific needs.
