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End of Life Issues - 072841

End of Life Issues_072841

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Pranjali Mewar128
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5 views

End of Life Issues - 072841

End of Life Issues_072841

Uploaded by

Pranjali Mewar128
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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END OF LIFE ISSUES

END OF LIFE
EUTHANASIA
introduction
■ Life is a series of losses and gains.
■ Birth, loss and death are universal and individually unique events of
the human experience.
■ The goals of nursing focuses on health maintenance and health
restoration, with an emphasis on facilitating maximum potentials in
wellness.
■ Birth and death are two aspects of life, which will happen to
everyone.
■ Dying and death are painful and personal experiences for those that
are dying and their loved ones caring for them.
loss
■ A person experiences loss in the absence of an object, person's
body part or function, or emotion that was formerly present.
■ Loss is an inevitable part of life, and grief is a natural part of
the healing process.
■ The reasons for grief are many, such as the loss of a loved one,
the loss of health, or the letting go of a long-held dream.
■ Dealing with a significant loss can be one of the most difficult
times in a person's life.
Five Categories of Loss
 Loss of external object: It involves any
possession that is worn-out, misplaced, stolen or
ruined by disaster, e.g. jewellery, to money, etc.
 Loss of a known environment: It is a loss
associated with separation from a known
environment, includes familiar setting for a
period or relocating permanently and transfers
from place,hospitalization.
 Loss of significant others: It includes loss of
parents, spouses, children, siblings, teachers, friends,
neighbors and colleagues
 Loss of an aspect of life: It includes loss of a body
part, physiological function, or psychological function,
e.g. loss of limb, eye, hair teeth, breast, etc.,
 Loss of life: Each person responds differently to
death.Some will welcome death as a relief; some will
have fear of separations, abandonment, loneliness, or
mutilation, etc
Grief

It is a form of sorrow that follows the perception


or anticipation, loss of one or more valued or
significant objects.
These responses often include helplessness
loneliness, hopelessness sadness, guilt and anger
Types of grief
■ Normal or uncomplicated grief: This type of griel symbolizes
the most desirable and universal reaction the Individual will
have physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions
following the loss and will eventually move toward adjusting
to it.
■ Anticipatory grief: Anticipatory grief is grief that occurs
before the loss of a loved one. Sometimes anticipatory grief
starts at the time of a terminal diagnosis and can proceed until
the person dies.
■ Complicated grief: Complicated grief may require professional
assistance depending on its severity. Individuals could be at
risk for complicated grief if they experience losses that are
sudden or traumatic or resulting from suicide/homicide.
■ Disenfranchised grief: This type of grief is defined as grief
that has not been validated or recognized. This type of grief
often develops in individuals who have lost loved ones to
stigmatized illnesses, such as AIDS, or through socially
unacceptable ways, such as abortion.
■ Unresolved grief In this type of grief the bereaved has failed
to move through the stages of grief and accomplish the work
needed to come to terms with the loss.
■ Many factors can contribute to the manifestation of this type of
grieving and can include-lack of formal closure (loved one's
body never found or laid to rest), multiple or concurrent losses,
or social isolation.
■ STAGES OF GRIEF ;Kubler-Ross having done extensive
research with terminally ill patients identified five stages of
feelings and behavior that individuals experience in response
to a real, perceived or anticipated loss:
■ Stage I: Denial: This is a stage of shock and disbelief. The
response may be one of "No, it cannot be true!" Denial is a
protective mechanism that allows the individual to cope within
an immediate timeframe while organizing more effective
defense strategies.
■ Stage II: Anger: "Why me?" and "It is not fair!" are comments
often expressed during the anger stage. Anger may be directed
at self or displaced on loved ones, caregivers, and even God.
There may be a preoccupation with an idealized Image of the
lost entity.
■ Stage III: Bargaining: "If God will help me through this, I
promise I will go to church every Sunday and volunteer my time
to help others. During this stage, which is generally not visible or
evident to others, a bargain is made with God in an attempt to
reverse or postpone the loss.
■ Stage IV: Depression: During this stage the full impact of the
loss is experienced. This is a time of quiet desperation and
disengagement from all associations with the lost entity.
■ Stage V: Acceptance: The final stage brings a feeling of peace
regarding the loss that has occurred. Focus is on the reality of the
death
Death is present when an individual has sustained either or
irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain,
Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions
including the brain stem.
The supportive nursing care during death is as follows: To give
compassionate nursing care and support to the family and patient
during the grieving and dying process.
By using the nursing process, the nurse does an assessment of
each aspect; physical, emotional, intellectual, sociocultural, and
spiritual to fully understand and adequately provide interventions
in these areas
EUTHANASIA
■ defined as an act of painlessly putting a person to death
suffering from incurable or distressing phase.
■ Euthanasia a Greek word meaning 'good death' is probably
known as 'mercy killing.
■ It means killing someone on account of his/her distressing
physical and mental state.
■ Euthanasia, even voluntary, is criminal in almost all the
countries including India. It is of two types: Active/Direct,
Passive/Indirect
Active euthanasia
 Administration of wrong/lethal medication to end the patient
suffering
 Assisted suicide, ie. giving patients the means to kill
themselves if they request it
■ 2. Passive euthanasia: It involves the withdrawal of extraordinary means
of life support, such as removing a ventilator or withholding special
attempts to revive a patient
■ There are lot of questions related to euthanasia.
■ The parents of newborn, with congenital defect tell the doctor not to
provide extraordinary measures to save the life. If doctor agrees, that
means the treatment is not started and child ultimately dies. It becomes
more complicated in case of mentally incompetent person. Should the life
support be withdrawn? Who should make the decision?
■ A family: Who may have guilt feeling throughout life.
■ The physician: Whose oath does not permit.
■ Family and physician: Both should be protected together by law or
court .An ethics committee and the legislative/court.

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