Database 1

Database System

Concepts

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.1 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Top 10 Largest Databases 2013
By Siliconindia News
 The World Data Centre for Climate (WDCC): 220 terabytes of data,
plus 110 terabytes of data for climate simulation, and 6 petabytes
of extra data stored in magnetic tapes.
 National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)
2.8 petabytes
 AT&T: It has the largest volume of data in one unique database,
with the most number of rows, 1.9 trillion.
 Google: Google accounts every single search that makes each
day into its database which is around 91 million searches per day.
 Sprint (Telecom company)
 LexisNexis
 Youtube
 Amazon
 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
 Library of Congress (USA)

Database Management System
(DBMS)
 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
 Collection of interrelated data
 Set of programs to access the data
 An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
 Database Applications:
 Banking: transactions
 Airlines: reservations, schedules
 Universities: registration, grades
 Sales: customers, products, purchases
 Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
 Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
 Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
 Databases touch all aspects of our lives
Database Landscape Map – June 2013
Google Data Center
 Google Cloud SQL allows users to use

relational database in Google’s Cloud.
SAP HANA
 SAP HANA is an in-memory relational database system.
Taken from a talk given by Dr. Wen-Syan Li (VP of SA

Amazon Web Services (AWS)
 Amazon RDS: a relational database server with
minimal administration, using MySQL, Oracle,
or SQL Server.
 Amazon DynamoDB: a fast highly scalable
NoSQL database service.
 Amazon SimpleDB: A NoSQL database service
for smaller dataasets
 Amazon EC2 and EBS: A relational database
you can manage on your own.
 EC2: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
 EBS: Amazon Elastic Block Storage
Relational Model
 Relational model (Chapter 2)
Columns
 Example of tabular data in the relational model
Rows
Schemas and Instances
 Schema – the logical structure of the database (like
variables)
 Example: The database consists of information about a
set of customers and accounts and the relationship
between them
 Physical schema: database design at the physical level
(how we store data on disk for system to fast access
data)
 Logical schema: database design at the logical level
(how users see the data format in order to access data)
 Instance – the actual content of the database (like values)
 Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the
physical schema without changing the logical schema
 Applications depend on the logical schema
 Changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Specification notation for defining the
database schema
Example: create table instructor (
ID char(5),
name char(20),
dept_name char(20),
salary
numeric(8,2))
 DDL compiler generates a set of tables
stored in a data dictionary
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Language for accessing and manipulating
the data organized by the appropriate data
model
 DML also known as query language
 SQL is the most widely used query
language
 Users specifies what data is required
and how to get those data
SQL
 Find the name of the instructor with ID 22222

select name
from instructor
where instructor.ID = ‘22222’
 Find all instructor IDs if they are in a department whose
budget > 95000
select instructor.ID, department.dept_name
from instructor, department
where instructor.dept_name= department.dept_name
and department.budget > 95000
 Application programs generally access databases
through one of
 Language extensions to allow embedded SQL
 Application program interface (e.g., ODBC/JDBC)
which allow SQL queries to be sent to a database
Storage Management
 Storage manager provides the interface
between the low-level data stored in the
database and the application programs and
queries submitted to the system.
 The storage manager is responsible to
efficient storing, retrieving and updating of
data
 Issues:
 Storage access
 File organization
 Indexing and hashing
Query Processing
1. Parsing and translation

2. Optimization
3. Evaluation
Query Processing (Cont.)
 Alternative ways of evaluating a given query
 Equivalent expressions
 Different algorithms for each operation
 Cost difference between a good and a bad
way of evaluating a query can be enormous
 Need to estimate the cost of operations
 Depends critically on statistical
information about relations which the
database must maintain
 Need to estimate statistics for
intermediate results to compute cost of
complex expressions
Atomicity of Updates & Concurrent
Access
 Atomicity of updates
 Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with
partial updates carried out
 Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another
should either complete or not happen at all
 Concurrent access by multiple users
 Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
 Example: Two people reading a balance (say 100) and
updating it by withdrawing money (say 50 each) at the
same time
 Concurrent access needed for performance
Transaction Management
 To deal with the system fails.
 To control when many users concurrently update
the same data.
 A transaction is a collection of operations that
performs a single logical function in a database
application
 Transaction-management component ensures that
the database remains in a consistent (correct)
state despite system failures (e.g., power failures
and operating system crashes) and transaction
failures.
 Concurrency-control manager controls the
interaction among the concurrent transactions, to
ensure the consistency of the database.
Database System Internals

Database 1

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Database System

 Google Cloud SQL allows users to use

Taken from a talk given by Dr. Wen-Syan Li (VP of SA

 Find the name of the instructor with ID 22222

1. Parsing and translation

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