LESSON 5:
THE PROCESS OF
REPRODUCTION
Presented by:
Group 1
Abilong, Ressa Mae
Diabordo, Hannah Mae
Lesson Objectives:
When we finish this lesson, we should be
able to:
1. Define fertilization, conception and pregnancy;
2. Explain how pregnancy occurs and its
prevention; and
3. Identify the complications of early pregnancy
in the growing adolescent.
INTRODUCTION
During puberty:
reproductive system matures
secondary sexual characteristics develop
the bodies of males and females appear
more distinctive.
Female puberty usually begins at about 8-13
years of age
While boys lag about two(2) years behind
that of girls.
Physical changes of Female:
Breast development
Rounding of the hips and buttocks
Growth of the hair in the pubic region
and the underarm
Start of menstruation
HOW DOES
ONE
OVULATE?
HOW DOES ONE OVULATE?
Ovulation
The process when a mature ovum (egg cell)
is released from the ovary and travels to the
fallopian tube for possible fertilization.
HOW DOES ONE OVULATE?
Menstrual Cycle
The monthly ovulation cycle that leads to
menstruation in the absence of pregnancy.
From the first day of a period until the day
before the next period starts.
Normal: around 28 days (average)
Ovulation will happen about 10-16 days
before the start of the next period.
HOW DOES
PREGNANCY
OCCUR?
HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?
Conception
The process that begins with fertilization of
an egg by the sperm and ends with
implantation.
Fertilization
Union of the sperm and the ovum (egg cell).
HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?
Conception
1. Sexual intercourse
2. Ejaculation
3. Sperm Journey
Cervix to womb to fallopian tubes
4. Meeting the Egg
5. Fertilization
6. Implantation
7. Development
HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?
Pregnancy
Officially starts when a fertilized egg
implants in the lining of the uterus.
Happens 2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse.
Discussed in terms of trimesters (three-
month periods).
HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?
Pregnancy
After eight(8) weeks, the embryo is officially
referred to as a fetus.
Normal: 37-42 weeks (nine months)
WHAT CAN BE
DONE TO PREVENT
TEENAGE
PREGNANCY?
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT
TEENAGE PREGNANCY?
Contraception
The act of preventing pregnancy.
Can be any device, a medication, a
procedure or a behavior.
Type of Contraceptive Methods
1. Male Condom
Rubber sheath that fits over the penis
Effectiveness: 80-85%
Benefits: low cost, easily accessible, and
reduces risk of STDs/STIs
Type of Contraceptive Methods
2. Implantable Hormone Device
Continuous release of hormone
Benefits: continuous birth control for five(5)
years.
Type of Contraceptive Methods
3. Calendar Method
Allows the women to keep track of “safe”
days for sex
Effectiveness: 85% (theoretically); 60%
(reality)
Benefits: No cost and under the control of
the woman.
Type of Contraceptive Methods
4. Sterilization
Passageway for the sperm or the egg is surgically
tied.
Male: Vasectomy ; Female: tubal ligation
Effectiveness: 100% (theoretically); exceptions
(known)
Benefits: Highly effective, permanent, and one time
expense.
Type of Contraceptive Methods
5. Birth Control Pill
Contains synthetic estrogen
Effectiveness: 99-100% (theoretically);
exceptions (known)
Benefits: low cost, easily available, and
controlled by the woman.
Type of Contraceptive Methods
6. Birth Control Injection
Given in the first days of the menstruation and
then every 2-3 months.
Type of Contraceptive Methods
7. Withdrawal
Removal of the penis from the vagina before
ejaculation
Effectiveness: 85% (theoretically); 70% (reality)
Benefits: no cost under the control of the man
and woman involved.
Type of Contraceptive Methods
8. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Inserted inside the uterus by a doctor.
Effectiveness: 95-98% (theoretically)
Benefits: long-lasting and relatively inexpensive
WHAT ARE THE
HEALTH EFFECTS OF
EARLY PREGNANCY
IN THE GROWING
ADOLESCENT?
HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH
EARLY PREGNANCY
Obstructed Labor
Results from pelvic area not large enough for the
baby to pass through
Often require a cesarean section to safely deliver
the baby
Maternal Mortality
Physically immature girls may experience uterine
tearing, leading to severe blood loss and potential
death.
HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH
EARLY PREGNANCY
Fistula
A tear between the vagina and bladder or rectum,
causing lifelong incontinence and social stigma
Complications
Excessive vomiting;
Severe anemia; Premature and low birth weight
Hypertension babies;
Convulsions; Infection;
Prolonged labor; and
Difficulty in breastfeeding;
High maternal mortality or death
SUMMARY
Reproduction involves the ova and sperm to
fuse.
Reproduction starts from conception to
pregnancy and then childbirth.
Contraceptive methods help prevent and lessen
early pregnancies.
Early pregnancies has health risks and can lead
to various life-threatening complications.
“
◦ Access to contraception and reproductive
health education empower young people to
make informed choices about their well-
being.
Thank you for Listening!!!
