GUIDED BY:-
[Link]
RAO
SUBMITTED BY:-
SIDDHANT CHAUDHARY
Class:- XII 'A'.
MATHEMATICS
CONTENT
S
1. INTEGRALS
• INDEFINITE
INTEGRALS
• DEFINITE INTEGRALS
[Link] OF
INTEGRALS
• AREA UNDER SIMPLE
CURVE
INTEGRA
•LS
Integrals are the values of the
function found by the process
of integration. The process of
getting f(x) from f'(x) is called
integration.
• Example: Given: f(x) = x2 .
Derivative of f(x) = f'(x) = 2x
if g(x) = 2x, then anti-derivative
of g(x) = ∫ g(x) = x2 + c
(where c is an arbitary constant)
• ∫-1/(√(1-x2))= cos-1 x + C
INTEGRA • ∫1/(1+x2)= tan-1 x + C
LS • ∫ xn dx=xn+1 /n+1+C, where n ≠ -1
• ∫ dx =x+C
• ∫-1/(1+x2)= cot-1 x + C
FORMULA • ∫ cosxdx = sinx+C
• ∫1/(x√(x2 -1))= sec-1 x + C
• ∫ sinx dx = -cosx+C • ∫-1/(x√(x2 -1))= cosec-1
• ∫ sec2x dx = tanx+C • ∫ exdx=ex + C
• ∫ cosec2x dx = -cotx+C • ∫dx/x=ln|x| + C
• ∫ sec2x dx = tanx+C • ∫ ax dx=ax/ln a + C
• ∫ secx tanxdx = secx+C
• ∫ cscx cotx dx = -cscx+C
There are several methods adopted for
finding the indefinite integrals. The different
methods are:
METHOD Finding integrals by integration by
substitution method.
S OF
INTEGRA Finding integrals by integration by parts.
L S
Finding integrals by integration by partial
fractions.
• The concept of Integration by Substitution.
The integration of a function f(x) is given by
F(x) and it is represented by:
• ∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C
• Here R.H.S. of the equation means
integral of f(x) with respect to x.
• F(x) is called anti-derivative or
primitive.
Integration • f(x) is called the integrand.
• dx is called the integrating agent.
by • C is called constant of integration or
substituting arbitrary constant.
• x is the variable of integration.
method
example
EXAMPL
E
• Integration by parts is used to
integrate the product of two or
more functions. The two functions
to be integrated f(x) and g(x) are
of the form ∫f(x)·g(x).
INTEGRATION • the first function f(x) is selected
such that its derivative formula
BY PARTS exists, and the second function
g(x) is chosen such that an
integral of such a function exists.
• ∫ f(x)·g(x)·dx = f(x) ∫ g(x)·dx - ∫
[(f'(x)
∫ g(x)·dx)·dx] + C
Method use
EXAMPL
E
integrating the
resultant terms would
∫[f(x)/g(x)]dx =
be a relatively easy
∫[p(x)/q(x)]dx +
task. Integration by
INTEGRATION PARTIAL
FRACTION
∫[r(x)/s(x)]dx
BY PARTIAL
would be:
FRACTIONS f(x)/g(x) = p(x)/q(x) +
g(x) = q(x).s(x)
r(x)/s(x) and
FORMS
USED IN
INTEGRATI
O N BY
PARTIAL
FRACTION
EXAMPL
E
INDEFINITE
INTEGRALS
• An integral which is not
having any upper and
lower limit is known as
an indefinite integral.
• ∫f(x) dx = F(x) + C
PROPERTIES OF
INDEFINITE
• Property 1: The process of INTEGRATION
differentiation and integration are
inverses of each other in the sense of
the following results:
• Property 2: Two indefinite integrals with
the same derivative lead to the same
family of curves, and so they are
equivalent
• Property 3: The integral of the sum of two functions is equal to the
sum of integrals of the given functions.
• Property 4: For any real value of p.
• Property 5: For a finite number of functions f1, f2…. fn and the real
numbers p1, p2…pn,
∫[p1f1(x) + p2f2(x)….+pnfn(x) ]dx = p1∫f1(x)dx +
p2∫f2(x)dx + ….. +
pn∫fn(x)dx
EXAMPL
E
DEFINITE
INTEGRA
•LS
A definite integral is the area
under a curve between two
fixed limit.
• first formula is called th
e "definite integral as a limit
sum"
DEFINITE
INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES
EXAMPL
E
EXAMPLE
2
• In Mathematics integrals are
used to find
• Center of mass(Centroid) of
an area having curved sides
• The average value of a curve
APPLICATION • The area between two
OF curves
INTEGRALS • The area under a
curve
AREA OF
CURVE
Area under a curve between
two points is found out by
doing a definite integral
between the two points. To
find the area under the curve
y = f(x) between x = a & x = b,
integrate y = f(x) between the
limits of a and b. This area
can be calculated using
integration with given limits.
GRAP
H
EXAMPL
E
