Lesson 3:

Characteristics, Processes,
and Ethics of Research
INTRODUCTION
 This lesson introduce the characteristics of research, particularly qualitative
research.
 The characteristics of both qualitative and quantitative researches are
presented; however, a section to highlight qualitative research is discussed;
ethical consideration forms a part of this lesson as a significant element of the
research process.
 Also present the ethics of research probing into its functions and principles
that must be observed by the researchers.
 so, before starting our discussion, kindly prepare yourself. As we start we are
hoping all of you to will listen and pay attention. When your cooperation will
be needed please site you thoughts.
CONTENTS

Characteristics of Major characteristics of

A Research B Qualitative Research

Type of Research Ethics and Research

C D
Ethical Consideration in
Ethical Standards
E F Qualitative Research
CONTENTS

Basic Principles in
Function of Ethics
G Ethical Practice H
I The Research Process
Characteristics of
01
Research
Characteristics of Research
1. 2.
Systematic.
Empirical. Research follows
Research is based on orderly and
observations and sequential
experimentation of procedures,
theories. Based on real- based on valid
life situation. procedures and
principles
Characteristics of Research
3. 4.
Controlled.
Employs hypothesis
In research, all variables, The hypothesis guides
except those that are the investigation
process. Research refers
tested/experimented on, to a search for facts,
are keep constant. answers to questions
and solutions to
problems..
Characteristics of Research

5. 6.
Analytical. Objective.
The term also refers to
There is a critical
the research as unbiased
analysis of all the
and logical. All the
data used so that
findings are logically
there is no error in
based on empirical data,
the researcher's
which as earlier
interpretations.
mentioned, are based on
real life situations.
Characteristics of Research

7.
Original work.
Requires effort to get at the
researcher’s own investigation
and produce the data needed to
complete the study.
Major Characteristics
of Qualitative
02
Research
Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Studies under qualitative research have certain

characteristics in common that make them
different from quantitative research.
Concern for context and meaning
1. Qualitative research is bounded by a particular
context which the research aims to study. Since
it is context bound, the human experience
takes its meaning from social, historical,
political and cultural influences.
2. Naturally occurring settings

Qualitative research studies behavior as it

happens naturally in a school, classroom,
community or an organization. It is based on the
premise that setting affects the findings.
3. Human as Instruments
The researcher ids the primary instrument for gathering and
for analyzing data. She/he responds to the need for
capturing the complexity of human experience, as well as in
adapting and responding to the environment. Only human
being can do the field work methods such as the interview,
observation and documentary analysis.

4. Descriptive Data
Data used in qualitative studies are in the form of words or
pictures or other visuals rather than numbers and statistics.
The participants, experiences and perspectives culled from
varied types of documents enable the researcher to present
a holistic description of the subject/s of the study.
5. Emerging Design
In qualitative research, the design cannot be finalized at the
onset because the researcher continue to adjust his/her
methods and ways of proceeding as the study progresses. It is
also difficult to predict what may happen during the actual
interactions between the researcher and the participants.
What are the types of

03 research?
Library Research: Field Research:
This type is done the research is done in the
1 primarily in the library 2 natural setting such as
where answers to specific barangay, school or
questions or problems are factory.
available.

Laboratory Research:
This type is conducted in an
3 artificial or controlled
conditions by doing the study
in a thoroughly specified and
equipped area.
The human element of qualitative inquiry is both strength
and weakness-its strength is fully using human insights and
experience; its weakness is being so heavily dependent on
the researcher’s skill, training, intellect, discipline and
creativity. The researcher is the instrument od qualitative
inquiry, so the quality of the research depends heavily on
the qualities of the human being.
Ethics and Research
03
The most common way of defining “ethics” is to refer to it as norm for conduct
that distinguish between acceptable an unacceptable behavior. These are direct
networks among people because they recognize some common ethical norms
but interpret, apply and balance them in different ways in their own values
and experiences.

Another way of defining “ethics” is to consider it as method, procedure or

perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and
issues.

To be ethical, a research project needs to be designed to create valid

outcomes if it is believed to be pursuing truth.
Researchers have a duty to ensure that they do not deliberately mislead
participants as the nature of the research.
Researchers have a duty to avoid causing both physical and psychological
difficulties to participants and to the socio-political environments in which
and with which they work.

In both virtual and physical worlds, researchers are ethically bound to

maintain the privacy of participants including confidentiality for any
information they give and anonymity for their identity.
Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical
principles to a variety of topics involving research.

The academic research enterprise Is built on a foundation of trust.

Researchers trust that the results reported by others are heard.
Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt to
describe the world accurately and without bias.

Research ethics is different throughout the various type of educational

communities.
Research informants participating in individual or group interviews
are often required to sign an informs consent from which outlines the
nature of the project

It is the researcher’s ethical responsibility not to harm the human they

are studying; they also have a responsibility to science and the public,
as well as to future students.
Functions of Ethics
03
Ethics as important component in research writing shows the following functions:

1. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and evidence of
error.

2. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work
such as trust, accountability, mutual respect and fairness.

3. Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public.

4. Ethical norms in research, is research that helps build public support quality
and integrity of research.
Basic Principles of
03 Ethical Practice
 Honesty  Responsible Publication
 Objectivity  Respect for colleagues
 Integrity  Social Responsibility
 Carefulness  Non-discrimination
 Openness  Competence
 Respect for Intellectual Property  Legality
 Confidentiality

Ethical risk in research are spread across many fields they may not be
apparent at the onset of the research. What a researcher can do is to be
aware of its potential and plan what to do about it rather than to ignore
it. Therefor, the research ethics skills that need also to be developed are:

• To be able to identify the ethical issues in the study

• To know and be Prepared how to add them
Ethical Consideration in
Qualitative Research
03
THANK YOU