LAW ENFORCEMENT

ADMINISTRATION
SCOPE: PERTINENT LAWS AND ISSUANCE, PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS,
PROCEDURES, METHODS AND TECHNIQUE IN THE ADMINISTRATION,
ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF POLICE SERVICE, TO INCLUDE TO WIT :
POLICE ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION, PATROL TECHNIQUES AND
OPERATIONS, AND INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON
POLICING

 Ancient Law Enforcement

• The Sumerians

The earliest record of ancient peoples

need to standardize rules and methods
of enforcement to control human
behavior dates to approximately 2300
B.C., when the Sumerian rulers
Lipithstar and Eshumma set standards
on what constituted an offense against
society.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON POLICING
• The Babylonians

The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 B.C.) –during the time of

Babylonian King Hammurabi, he established rules for his kingdom that
designated not only offenses but punishment as well. The principle of
the code was that the strong shall not injure the weak. Hammurabi
originated the legal principle of LEX Talionis- the eye for an eye,
tooth for a tooth doctrine.

• First introduced in the Mesopotamian region when Babylonian King

Hammurabi conquered this part of the Fertile Crescent.

• There were three main classes in Babylonian society (upper, middle, and
lower) and the code punished the guilty party based on their class.

• Hammurabi’s Code was written on clay tablets that contained a collection

of 282 laws most famously paraphrased by the expression, "An eye for an
eye, a tooth for a tooth".
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
ON POLICING(EARLY
POLICING SYSTEM)

• Ancient Egypt
The early Egyptians established laws and
court and a rudimentary rule of law. The first
account of a developing court system
originated in Egypt in approximately 1500
B.C. the court system was presided by
Judges who were appointed by the
Pharaoh. They later organized marine
patrols and customhouses to protect
commerce.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON
POLICING

• Ancient Greece
The Greeks had an impressive of law enforcement
called the Ephori. Each year at Sparta, a body of
Ephors was elected and given almost unlimited
powers as investigator, judge, jury and
executioner.
From the Greek philosopher PLATO , who lived
from 427 to 347 B.C., was the idea that
punishment should serve the purpose rather
than simple retaliation.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON POLICING

• Ancient Rome
The Romans had a high development system of administering justice. The 12 Tabulae (12 tables)
were the first written laws of the Roman Empire. It deals with legal procedures, property
ownership, building codes, marriage customs and punishment for crimes.

VIGILES OF ROME(watchmen of the city)-first Organized Police force, primary task of

firefighting and policing

At the reign of Emperor Augustus ,

- he created the Praetorian Guard - special force of guards by roman emperors which consisted of
about 7000 men\soldiers to protect the palace and the City of Rome, together with the Urban
Cohorts to patrol the city.

- 527 to 265 A.D. who collected all Roman laws and put it into his Justinian Code- they became
known the Corpus Juris Civilis which means Body of Law
EARLY POLICING SYSTEM
 ANGLO –SAXON PERIOD policing was carried but under a system
called FRANK PLEDGE or mutual pledge with which every male over 12
years of age are joined to form a TYTHINGMEN

 ANGLO –SAXON PERIOD are the ff features:

1.TUN POLICING SYSTEM- is the forerunner of the word town. Under this
system all male residents are required to guard the town and to
preserve the peace and control, to protect life and property from harm or
disturbance.

2. HUE AND CRY - a system of apprehending a criminal whereby a

complaint goes to the middle of the street and shouts to call all males to
assemble. The victim reports his complaint to the assembly and gives the
whereabouts of the perpetrator. All male residents would then proceed to
locate and apprehend the culprint.
3. The royal judge- a person who conducts criminal investigation
and gives punishment. Punishment usually fits the crime
committed.

4. Trial by ordeal- system of determining guilt and innocence in

the ancient times which was based on painful test of skills. It is
usually accompanied by harsh punishment.
ORDEAL BY HOT
WATER

• the accused would reach into a pot of

boiling water and retrieve an object.
If the accused was innocent, the
water would not burn their skin, but
if they were guilty, then the burns
would reveal their guilt.
ORDEAL BY HOT IRON

• the accused person would carry a burning

hot iron so many paces without being
burned to prove their innocence. 
ORDEAL BY
BLOOD
Ordeal By Blood During this trial, the 
corpse of the victim was placed on top of
a small platform. Then each of the
suspected murderers would touch the 
body. It was believed that when the true
murderer touched the body of his victim,
the wound would start bleeding fresh
blood. If the wound did not bleed when
touched, that suspect would be declared
innocent
ORDEAL BY TURF

• In this form of trial, the defendant

could prove his innocence by passing
under a strip of turf that had been
raised to form an arch with each end
resting on the ground. If the turf fell
on the head of the accused while he
passed under it, he would be
presumed guilty. If he could pass
easily without anything happening to
him, his innocence was proven.
ORDEAL BY SNAKE

• this type of trial by ordeal was usually used

when the defendant was accused of making
a false accusation about another person
or lying to get another person punished.
The crime was equivalent to perjury.
• During the trial, a cobra was placed inside a
clay pot along with a ring. The accused
would try to retrieve the ring from beneath
the snake without getting bitten. If he was
able to do so, he was declared innocent.
ORDEAL BY CROSS

• Trial by this ordeal was created to replace

ordeal by combat. In this method, both the
accuser and the accused would come
together in church and stand before the cross.
They would hold out their arms in the form of a
cross for as long as possible. The party who
lowered his arms first was defeated.
ORDEAL BY THE HOST

• If a priest was accused of a crime

during medieval times, he could prove
his innocence by going up to the altar
and praying out loud that God would
choke him. He would then take a piece
of the host, also known as altar bread,
and swallow it. If he could do it without
any signs of discomfort or difficulty, he
was believed to be innocent.
• However, if he were to choke on the
host, it would prove that he was guilty.
THE NORMAL PERIOD OF POLICING(1066-1285)

1. Shire-Rieve System- The shire-reeve policing system is also referred to as a mutual pledge
system, and it was an early form of policing in England. The shire was an administrative area
similar to a county and the shire-reeve, or what is called today the sheriff, was responsible for
keeping the peace in the name of the king.

Shire was the district,

Rieve was the ruler who makes laws, pass judgement and impose punishment.

2. The Traveling Judge- one responsible in passing judgment which was taken from the Shire-
Rieve in view of some abuses by the Rieves.
3. Leges Henri – the Law of King Henry 1st
-It lists and explains the laws and includes explanations of how to conduct legal proceedings.
-redefined offenses as crimes against the king or government and thus shifted the focus of justice away from concern for
victims. Instead of harming victims, crimes came to be viewed as transgressions against an amorphous “king’s
peace.” King Henry I of England

a. offenses were classified as against the king and individual

b. policemen were considered public officials
c. police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest
d. a grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law
4. The Magna Carta- royal charter by king john of England Laws were enacted upon demand of the knights of the round
table and forced the king to sign the same. Example principles
a.no free men shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or outlawed except by legal judgment of his peers
b.no person should be tried from murder unless there is proof the body of the victim
c.Beginning of the national and local government as well as legislation.
The Westminster Period Policing (1285-1500)

1. The Statute of 1295 - this law prescribed the closing of the gates of
London at sundown. Start of curfew systems.
2. Justice of the Peace- this position which gives a person the power to
arrest, pursue and impose imprisonment.
3. The star Chamber court- special court which try offenses against the
state.
MODERN POLICING SYSTEM

1. England
a. BOWSTREET RUNNERS
- a group of men organized to arrest offenders
-organized by HENRY FIELDING, a magistrate in London in England
-the name was adopted from the name of the street where the office of henry Fielding was located
b. METROPOLITAN POLICE OF ACT 1829
-Metropolitan Police Service the law that created the first modern police force in London England.
Sir Robert Peel – Recognized as the Father of Modern Policing system.
2. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
a. NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT
-established in 1844 in new York, USA
-recognized as the 1st modern style police department in USA
-it is the largest police force in the world
b. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT
-oldest police department in the US
-it is the 1st night watch established in boston 1635
AUGUST VOLLMER –recognize as the FATHER OF MODERN LAW ENFORCEMENT for his contribution in development of field of criminal justice in US
- First Police Chief of Berkeley, California
BRIEF HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE POLICY SYSTEM
Barangay Period
 Datu-whose responsibility, aside from exercising all the powers, executive, legislative and judicial was maintain peace and order within jurisdiction.
 Laws: A.code of kalantiaw(1433)- a law that gives harsh and savage punishment
b.maragtas Code(1257)-oldest written laws
c.luwaran-muslims
d. principal code of sulu

Spanish Period
1. Carabineros de Seguridad Publica
-organized in 1712
-this was armed and considered as the mounted police; discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river .
2. Guardrilleros/Cuardillo
 this was a body of rural police organization in each town and established by the royal degree of 18 January 1836;
 this decree provided that 5% of the able-bodied male inhabitants of each province were to enlisted in the police organization for three years.

3. Guardia Civil
 Created by royal decree issued by crown on February 12, 1852
 consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of provincial capitals of central provinces of Luzon under Alcalde Mayor.(governor)
JAPANESE PERIOD
Japanese military police known as the KEMPETAI were responsible in maintaining peace and order in manila
AMERICAN PERIOD (Birth of the Philippine Constabulary)
Philippines Constabulary- one of the earliest departments to participate in management of home rule theory.

- not a degree holders and only appointed due to wishes of political people.

The American established the United States Philippines Commission headed by General Howard Taft

General Howard Taft – 1st Governor General.

January 9,1901 the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No.70 of the Taft Commission. This has become
the basis for the celebration of the anniversary of the Manila Finest every January 9 th.

1. ACT 175(Insular constabulary act)- entitled “an act Providing for organization and Government of insular Constabulary” established on August 8,1901

CAPT HENRY ALLEN- 1st chief of Philippines Constabulary

2. ACT 183- enacted on July 13, 1901, created the Manila Police Department

CAPT GEORGE CURRY- 1st chief of police of manila police Department in 1901
Martial Law Period
1.P.D 765- otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975;
-established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the
nucleus and the integrated local police forces as components ,
2.R.A. 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990,
enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National Police, Bureau of
Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College
3. R.A 8551- also known as Philippine National Police Reform and reorganization act of 1998, this law
amended certain provision of R.A 6975
4.RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational qualification for
appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12 August 2009.
“AN ACT EXTENDING FOR FIVE (5) YEARS THE REGLEMENTARY PERIOD FOR COMPLYING WITH THE
MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
(PNP) AND ADJUSTING THE PROMOTION SYSTEM THEREOF, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE
PERTINENT PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975 AND REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8551 AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF
THE PHILIPPINE POLICING

1. BGEN RAFAEL CRAME - the first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary on December 17,
1917
2. COL ANTONIO TORRES - the first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in
1935.
3. COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA - the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after
the Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946.
4. P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO - the first chief of the Philippine National Police
HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975