History of

Nursing

Maria Paulita Q. Modequillo

• Summary of Ancient Cultures
• Site of Healthcare in Ancient Cultures
• The founder of Modern Nursing

Contents • Definitions of Nursing

• Types of Nursing Educational Programs

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Introduction

•Ancient Egypt is considered as one of the earliest, longest-lasting and most prominent
civilization in history.
•Ancient Egyptians overlapped between magic, religion, sin, punishment, and the influence of
the supernatural in the events of daily life.
•Demons and Sins were assumed to bring diseases, sickness and
• disabilities as way of punishment.
•In ancient Egypt, health care professions such as physician or healers were usually priests who
were accountable for healing physical and psychological diseases.
•The priests acted as a link between humans and gods. They believed that people had to make
the Gods happy to have good health and peace of mind.
•The embalmer is the one who prepares the mummies to keep the body after death without
damage because to improve their knowledge of anatomy comparing the anatomy of human
bodies with that of animal bodies as indicated in the most of their ancient texts’.
•Other fields with such as the pharmacist, bandagers, masseur and even amulet seller who was
trained to take the pulse.

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Summary of
Ancient Cultures

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Medical treatment In
ancient Egypt
• Ancient Egypt treatment includes leaves, grass and the bark of the willow tree
contain salicylic acid used to treat inflammatory disease, to alleviate birth pains and
reduce fever.

• Egyptian doctors could stitch up wounds, repair broken bones and amputate infected
limbs. The incision was dressed by mixture of raw meat, linen, and swabs soaked
with honey. At the beginning of the Late period and early Ptolemaic period [656 BC–
323 BC], the so-called healing statues were appeared.

• Internal disorders were managed by using magic and amulets in this case will be
wider beside the invocations to gods who were involved in both causing diseases and
cure them.

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Different title to Caregivers In
Ancient Egypt:

• The Coffin Texts were developed in the first

Intermediate Period [2134 BCE–2040 BCE] and
composed of the Pyramid Texts, which had been
placed only in royal tombs/ pyramids) Also, for the
first time the male title ”male nurse“ was attested in
the (CT) as a God’s child or as priestly title.

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Different title to Caregivers In Ancient Egypt:
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Site of Healthcare in
Ancient Cultures:

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Site of Healthcare in Ancient Cultures:

• According to the Ottawa Charter, ‘Health Promotion’ is a health strategy that aims to incorporate skills and community
development and to create supportive environments for health, endeavors to build healthy public policy and looks at re-orienting
health services (WHO, 1986).

• Although it is commonly accepted that these basic concepts of health promotion have been developed in the last two decades, they
have roots in ancient civilizations and in particular in Greek antiquity.

• As evident from medical and philosophical documents—especially of the sixth to fourth centuries B.C. the ancient Greeks were
the first to break with the metaphysical/supernatural conceptions of health and disease that had so far dominated human societies
(Edelstein, 1987).

• The ancient Greeks’ apprehension of health and illness was based on the theory of the four ‘fluids’ (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and
black bile) which was of great significance for Pythagorean philosophy that dominated the pre-Socratic period (Temkin, 1995).

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Hippocratic:
• Pathogenic process, according to Hippocratics, is a result of the overturn of
equilibrium and the predominance of one of the four fluids that causes disease
through the disruption of the equilibrium of the four fluids

• Hippocratics posited a natural theory of disease etiology and notes that the
treatment of male impotence.

• Hippocratics recognized that some diseases were always present in a given

population. They called these diseases ‘endemic’, whereas other diseases, which
were not always present, but which occurred in greater frequency at certain
times, they called ‘epidemic’. Both terms are widely used today. Rosen (1993)

• Hippocrates’ treatise About Wind, Water and Places is not only a text of great
historical value but also a groundbreaking achievement. Beneficence and
nonmaleficence are age old requirements of the Hippocratic Oath for health
professionals to ‘do good’ and ‘do not harm’ (Racher, 2007).

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Greek History:
• Little is known of Greek medicine before the appearance of written texts in the fifth century B.C. Greece as
many other prehistoric countries possessed folk healers, including priest healers and chief tribunes
employing divination and drugs.

• Greek society at large drew heavily upon sacred healing. In Homer, Apollo appears as the ‘God of healing’.

• Once Asklepius was recognized as the God of medicine.

• During the fourth and the third century the cult of Asclepius and the practice of Hippocratic medicine
spread, and by 200 B.C. every large town in Greece had an Asklepieion.

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Roman Empire:

• After 300 BC they built them self with the work of Greece and Egyptian.
• They advance their work more and known as best in public health.
• Believe health can be restored by God.
• Two classes Patricians (upper class) and Plebicians (Lower class).
• Organized group and funded monasteries and hospitals.

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India:

• They mostly hired male staff for work

• They work on four major components knowledge, devotedness, cleverness and purity.
• First civilizations were highly developed 1500 BC.
• The first master’s degree course, two-year postgraduate program was begun in 1960 at
college of nursing Delhi.

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Christianity:

• Women begin nursing as an expression of Christianity( Act of mercy) ,Christianity

brings the clear role of Nursing in modified way.
• Women work in care of sick people and male contribute themselves in to buried the
dead people.
• Fabiola started the first public hospital in Rome.

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Middle Ages:

• Established the first educational program to be affiliated with a

religious nursing order with care provided by monks and nuns.
• More hospital were built, and Nursing role became more prominent.
• The Eastern Orthodox Church had established many hospitals in the
middle east.
• Nursing care was controlled by catholic church.
• Known as Dark Ages – intellectual progress nearly halted.

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Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century:

• The Eastern Orthodox Church had established many hospitals in the middle
east but following the rise of Islam from the 7th century.
• Increased in population in cites with more hygiene and sanitation leads to
sever health problems.
• Society changes were forming a great effect on health care system.

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Nursing in Mughal period:

• Emperor Akbar went through many vicissitudes in his life and probably the most
cumbersome was the presence and activities of his wet-nurse or foster mothers known
in the Mughal world as ‘angas’.
• Maham Anaga was the governess of Emperor Akbar. As the word ‘Anaga’ means
nurse.
• Maham Anga (died 1562) was the chief nurse of the Mughal emperor Akbar from 1560
to 1562.

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Islam and Nursing:

• Islamic traditions include sympathy for and

responsibility toward those in need.
• Rufaida Al- Aslamia introduced nursing in Muslim
world 1’200 Years before.
• Rufaida Al- Aslamia was recognized for her work in
medical and social circle. She was the first female
Muslin Nurse.
• She was among first people in Madinah to accept
Islam.
• She contributed with other Ansar women to welcome
Muhammad ( peace be upon him) on arrival in
Madinah.

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Pre-Islamic and Islamic Era (570–632 AD):

• Rufiada Al- Aslamia’s father, Saad Al- Aslami, was a physician and mentor. She initially obtained clinical
experience from her father. Then devoted herself to nursing. she practiced her skills in field hospital in her
tent during many battles.

• When Saad Ibn Muaath was injured in the battle of Al-Khandaq ( The Trench) , Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him) ordered that he be placed and treated in her tent.

• She focused on hygiene and stabilizing patients prior furthermore invasive medical procedures.

• Rufaida led groups of volunteer nurses who went to battlefield and treated the casualties. She participated
in the battles of Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, khaibar and others.

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The founder of Modern
Nursing
The Lady with the Lamp:

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The founder of Modern Nursing

•Florence Nightingale (May 12, 1820 – August 13,

1910)
•She was English reformer, statistician and the
founder of modern nursing.
•Nightingale came to prominence while serving as
a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean
War , in which she organized care for wounded
soldiers at Constantinople.
•She became Icon of Victorian culture by giving
nursing favorable reputation.
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The Lady with the Lamp:

• She is also referred as “The Lady with the Lamp” . In 1860, she laid the foundation of
professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas’
Hospital London.
• It was the first secular nursing school in the world. Annual International Nurses Day is
celebrated on her birthday

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Definitions of
Nursing

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Definition of Nursing
by WHO:

• Nursing encompasses autonomous and

collaborative care of individuals of all ages,
families, groups, and communities, sick or
well, and in all settings.
• It includes the promotion of health, the
prevention of illness, and the care of ill,
disabled, and dying people.

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Definition of Nursing by
Florence Nightingale:

• Nursing is a profession within the health

care sector focused on the care of
individuals, families, and communities so
they may attain, maintain, or recover
optimal health and quality of life.

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Definition of nursing by
Virginia Henderson:

• “The unique function of the nurse is to

assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing
to health or its recovery (or to peaceful
death) that he would perform unaided if he
had the necessary strength, will or
knowledge“

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Definition of nursing by
Dorothea Orem:

• The self-care deficit nursing theory is a

grand nursing theory that was developed
between 1959 and 2001 by Dorothea Orem.
• The theory is also referred to as the Orem’s
Model of Nursing.

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Definition of Nursing
by Effie Taylor:

• “The adaptation of the prescribed

therapeutic and preventive treatment for
physical and psychological needs specific
person“.

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Nursing Defined by
International Council of
Nursing:

• Nursing encompasses autonomous and

collaborative care of individuals of all ages,
families, groups and communities, sick or well
and in all settings.

• Nursing includes the promotion of health,

prevention of illness, and the care of ill,
disabled and dying people.

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Definition of nursing by ANA
(American Nurses Association):

• Nursing is the protection, promotion, and

optimization of health and abilities, prevention
of illness and injury, facilitation of healing,
alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis
and treatment of human response, and
advocacy in the care of individuals, families,
groups, communities, and populations.

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Types of Nursing
Educational
Programs

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Types of Nursing Educational Programs

• Nursing Diploma and associated degree in nursing (AND) program

• Bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) program
• Master of science in nursing (MSN) program
• Family Nurses practitioner (FNP) program
• Midwifery program
• Doctor of nursing practice (DNP) and Ph.D.

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Reference:
• Elhabashy, Sameh & Abdelgawad, Elshaimaa. (2019). The History of Nursing Profession in
Ancient Egyptian Society. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences. 11. 100174.
10.1016/j.ijans.2019.100174.

• Frenk, Julio, Lincoln Chen, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Jordan Cohen, Nigel Crisp, Timothy Evans,
Harvey Fineberg, et al. (2010). Health professionals for a new century: transforming education
to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. The Lancet 376(9756): 1923-1958.

• Alligood MR, Tomey AM. Nursing Theorists and Their Work. 6th ed. Mosby: Singapore; 2006.
[Google Scholar]

History of Nursing 33
Maria Paulita
Modequillo

BSN- 1st Year

LNC

Thank you
History of Nursing 34