Key Periods in Educational History

HISTORICAL

FOUNDATION
OF EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION

Education is an institution created by society. Education is a function of society

and as such arises from the nature and character of society itself.
Society seeks to preserve itself and to do this it maintains its functions and
institutions, one of which is education, to assure its survival, stability and
convenience.
Socialization is a process of learning the roles, statuses and values necessary for
participation in social institutions.
INTRODUCTION
Socialization is a lifelong process. It occurs primarily during early childhood but as we

progress from infancy to old age we shed old roles and adopt new ones.
Role learning that preserves us for future roles is termed anticipatory socialization
Family is the most important agent of socialization. The parents’ religion, social class, and
ethnicity influence the child’s social roles and concept which in turn influence the expectation
that others have for the child, and determine the group with which the child will intact outside
the family
INTRODUCTION
• The school is also an important agent of socialization. It is an institution charged by society to
impact specific knowledge and skills necessary for functioning in a society. They also charged
with the task of transmitting society’s cultural values.
KEY PERIODS IN EDUCATIONAL HISTORY
Key Periods in Educational History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1600
Historical group or Educational Goals Curriculum Agents Influences on
Period Western Education
Primitive societies To teach group Practical skills of Parents, tribal elders, Emphasis on the role
7000 B.C. ─5000 survival skills; to hunting, fishing, and priests of informal
B.C. cultivate group food gathering education in
cohesiveness stories, myths, transformation of
songs, poems, skills and values
dances
Historical group or Educational Goals Curriculum Agents Influences on Western
Period Education
Greek To cultivate civic Athenian: reading, Athens: private Athens: the concept of
1600 B.C. ─300 B.C responsibility and writing, arithmetic, teachers and school; well-rounded, liberally
identity with city-state; drama, music, physical sophists; philosophers educated person
Athenian: to develop education, literature,
well-rounded person poetry Sparta: military Sparta: the concept of
teachers, drill sergeants the military state
Spartan: to develop Spartan: drill, military
soldiers and military songs and tactics
leaders

Roman 750 B.C.─ To develop sense of Reading, writing, Private schools and Emphasis on the
A.D 450 civic responsibility arithmetic, laws of teachers; schools of ability to use
for public and then twelve tables, law rhetoric education for
empire; to develop philosophy. practical
administrative and administrative skills;
military skills relating education to
civic responsibility

Arabic To cultivate religious Reading, writing, Mosques; court Arabic numerals and
A.D. 700 ─ A.D. commitment to mathematics, schools computation; re-
1350 Islamic beliefs; to religious literature, entry of classical
develop expertise in scientific studies materials on science
mathematics, and medicine
medicine, and
science
Historical group or Educational Goals Curriculum Agents Influences on Western

Period Education
Medieval To develop religious Reading, writing, Parish, chantry, and Establishing the
A.D. 500 ─ A.D. 1400 commitment, arithmetic, liberal arts; cathedral schools; structure, content, and
knowledge, and rituals; philosophy, theology; universities; organization of the
to re-establish social crafts; military tactics apprenticeship; university as a major
order; to prepare and chivalry knighthood institution of higher
persons for appropriate education; the
roles institutionalization and
preservation of
knowledge

Renaissance To cultivate Latin, Greek, Classical humanist An emphasis on

A.D. 1350 ─ humanist who was classical literature, educators and literary knowledge,
A.D. 1500 expert in the classics poetry, art schools such as excellence, and style
─ Greek and Latin; lyceum, gymnasium, as expressed in
to prepare courtiers Latin grammar classical literature; a
for service to school two- tract system of
dynastic leaders schools

Reformation To cultivate sense of Reading, writing, Vernacular elementary A commitment to

A.D. 1500 ─ commitment to arithmetic, catechism, schools for the masses; universal education to
A.D. 1600 particular religious religious concepts and classical schools for the provide literacy to the
denomination; to rituals, Latin and upper classes masses; the origins of
cultivate general Greek; Theology school systems with
literacy supervision to ensure
doctrinal conformity

Key Periods in Educational History

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HISTORICAL

Education is an institution created by society. Education is a function of society

Socialization is a lifelong process. It occurs primarily during early childhood but as we

Historical group or Educational Goals Curriculum Agents Influences on

Historical group or Educational Goals Curriculum Agents Influences on

Historical group or Educational Goals Curriculum Agents Influences on Western

Historical group or Educational Goals Curriculum Agents Influences on

Renaissance To cultivate Latin, Greek, Classical humanist An emphasis on

Historical group or Educational Goals Curriculum Agents Influences on

Reformation To cultivate sense of Reading, writing, Vernacular elementary A commitment to

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