 Is

an immediate care given to a person

who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.

 It
includes self help and home care if medical
assistance is delayed or not available.
Roles & Responsibilities of the First Aider:

 Bridge the the gap between the victim and

the physician.

 Itis not intended to compete with nor take the

place of the services of the Physician.

 It ends when medical assistance begins.

Objectives of First Aid:

 To alleviate suffering
 To prevent added or further injury

or danger

 To prolong life
Characteristics of a Good First Aider:
 GENTLE – should not cause pain.
 RESOURCEFUL – should make the best use of things at hand.
 OBSERVANT – should notice all signs
 TACTFUL – should not alarm the victim
 EMPATHIC – should be comforting
 RESPECTFUL – should maintain a professional and caring
attitude
Hindrance in Giving First Aid:

1. Unfavorable surrounding
2. The presence of crowds
3. Pressure from victim or
relatives
Transmission of Diseases:

1. DIRECT
2. INDIRECT
3. AIRBORNE/ DROPLET
4. VECTORS
 is
a depressed condition of many
body functions due to failure of
enough blood to circulate
throughout the body following a
serious injury.
 Severe bleeding
 Crushing injury
 Infection
 Heart attack
 Perforation
 Shrapnel and bullet wound
 Rupture of tubal pregnancies
 Anaphylaxis
 Starvation and diseases
P – Pain
 R – Rough handling
 I – Improper bandaging
 C - Continuous bleeding
 E – Exposure to extreme temperature
 F – Fatigue
Early stage:
 Face – pale or cyanotic
 Skin – cold clammy
 Breathing – irregular
 Pulse – rapid and weak
 Nausea and vomiting
 Weakness
 Thirsty
Late Stage:
 Apathetic or relative unresponsive
 Eyes will be sunken with vacant

expression
 Pupils are dilated
 Low blood pressure
 Unconsciousness when body

temperature falls.
1. To improve circulation of the blood.
2. To ensure an adequate supply of
oxygen
3. To maintain normal body
temperature.
P - Proper positioning
P - Proper body temperature
P - Proper administration of fluid
P - Proper oxygenation
P - Proper transfer
SOFT TISSUE
INJURIES
 is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external.

TWO CLASSIFICATION OF WOUND

1.Closed Wound – caused by blunt object which results in contusion.
2.Open Wound – Incision, Abrasion, Puncture, Laceration, Avulsion,
3. 
 Hemorrhage
 Infection
 Shock

KINDS OF BLEEDING
1.ARTERIAL
2.VENOUS
3.CAPILLARY
I – Ice application
 C – Compression
 E – Elevation
 S – Splinting
C – Control bleeding
C – Cover the wound
C – Care for shock
C – Consult the physician 
 Eye Injuries
 Chemical Burns

 Eye knocked out

 Foreign object

 Nosebleeds
 Impaled objects

 Amputations

 Sucking Chest wound

 Abdominal evisceration

 Animal bite
 MUSCLE CRAMPS- is the sudden, painful
tightening of the muscle.
First Aid for Cramps:
 Stretch out the affected muscle to

counteract the cramp.

 Massage the cramped muscle firmly

but gently
 Apply heat (moist heat)
 Get medical help if cramps persist.
STRAIN – is the sudden, painful tearing
of muscle fiber during exertion.

S/S: Pain, Swelling, Bruising, Loss of efficient

movement
First Aid for Strain:
 Apply cold compress at once.
 Elevate the limb to reduce swelling.
 Rest the affected part for 24 hours.
 Get medical help
SPRAIN – is caused by torn fibers of
the ligament.

S/S: Swelling, bruising

First Aid for Sprain:
Apply cold compress at once.
Elevate the affected joint
Physician may recommend

anti-inflammatory
DISLOCATION – is the displacement of a
bone from its normal position at a joint.

S/S: Pain, Misshapen (bad, wrong)

appearance, Swelling, Loss of function
FRACTURE – is a break or disruption
in the normal continuity of the bone
tissue.
First Aid for Dislocation & Fracture:
 Check the Victim’s Airway, Breathing and

Circulation (ABC).
 Prevent infection by covering with a

sterile dressing before immobilizing.

 Splint or sling the injury in the position,

which you found it.

 Prevent shock
 Get medical help
BANDAGING
TECHNIQUE
S – Speed, Snugly fit
 C – Clean and carefully applied
 A – Accurate
 N – Neat
 E – Ends with a square knot.
Open Phase:
 Head (topside)
 Face; back of the head
 Chest; back of chest
 Arm sling; under arm sling
 Hand; foot
Broad Cravat:
 Abdominal Binder
 Knee bandage

Narrow Cravat:
 Forehead; eye
 Ear; cheek; jaw
 Arm; leg
 Elbow; (straight or bent)
 Palm pressure (close)
 Palm bandage (open)
 Shoe on, shoe off
Abdominal Binder

- indicatedfor abdominal
evisceration
Forehead; eye
Ear; cheek; jaw
Arm; leg
Elbow; (straight or bent)
Palm Pressure
(close)
Palm bandage (open)
Shoe on Shoe off
2 Day
nd

Return Demonstration
– is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place
to a place of safety.

Indications:
• Danger of fire or explosion
• Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of

oxygen.
• Serious traffic hazards
• Risk of drowning
• Danger of electrocution
• Danger of collapsing walls
Methods of Rescue:

• For immediate rescue w/out assistance, drag

or pull the victim in the direction of the long
axis of his body preferably from the shoulder.

• Most of the one-man drags/carries and other

transfer methods can be used as methods of
rescue.
– is moving a patient from one place to another
after giving first aid.

Selection of transfer method depends on:

• Nature and severity of Injury
• Size of victim
• Physical capabilities of first aider
• No. of personnel and equipment available
• Nature of evacuation route
• Distance to be covered
• Gender of the victim (last consideration)
1. Victims airway must be maintained open.
2. Hemorrhage is controlled.
3. Victim is safely maintained in the correct
position.
4. Regular check of the victims condition is
made.
5. Supporting bandages and dressing remain
effectively applied.
6. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable
and speedy as circumstances permit.
7. The victims body is moved as one unit
8. The taller the first aider stay at the head side
of the victim.
9. First Aiders must observed ergonomics in
lifting and moving of patient
1. One man carries / drags

• Assist to walk
• Carry in arms
• Pack strap carry
• Fireman’s carry
• Fireman’s drag
• Blanket drag
• Armpit / shoulder drag
2. Two man assist/carries

 Assist to walk
 Four-hand-seat
 Hand as a litter
 Chair as a litter
 Carry by extremities
 Fireman’s carry with assistance
3. Three man carries

 Bearers
along side
 Hammock carry

4. Four / Six / Eight man carry

4th Day
Return Demonstration
Edited by: Dr. Vicente T. Baylon III
from the Lecture of EDN Group
 Is
an immediate care given to a person
who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.

 It
includes self help and home care if medical
assistance is delayed or not available.
Roles & Responsibilities of the First Aider:

 Bridge the the gap between the victim and

the physician.

 Itis not intended to compete with nor take the

place of the services of the Physician.

 It ends when medical assistance begins.

Objectives of First Aid:

 To alleviate suffering
 To prevent added or further injury

or danger

 To prolong life
Characteristics of a Good First Aider:
 GENTLE – should not cause pain.
 RESOURCEFUL – should make the best use of things at hand.
 OBSERVANT – should notice all signs
 TACTFUL – should not alarm the victim
 EMPATHIC – should be comforting
 RESPECTFUL – should maintain a professional and caring
attitude
Hindrance in Giving First Aid:

1. Unfavorable surrounding
2. The presence of crowds
3. Pressure from victim or
relatives
 is
a depressed condition of many
body functions due to failure of
enough blood to circulate
throughout the body following a
serious injury.
 Severe bleeding
 Crushing injury
 Infection
 Heart attack
 Perforation
 Shrapnel and bullet wound
 Rupture of tubal pregnancies
 Anaphylaxis
 Starvation and diseases
P – Pain
 R – Rough handling
 I – Improper bandaging
 C - Continuous bleeding
 E – Exposure to extreme temperature
 F – Fatigue
Early stage:
 Face – pale or cyanotic
 Skin – cold clammy
 Breathing – irregular
 Pulse – rapid and weak
 Nausea and vomiting
 Weakness
 Thirsty
Late Stage:
 Apathetic or relative unresponsive
 Eyes will be sunken with vacant

expression
 Pupils are dilated
 Low blood pressure
 Unconsciousness when body

temperature falls.
1. To improve circulation of the blood.
2. To ensure an adequate supply of
oxygen
3. To maintain normal body
temperature.
P - Proper positioning
P - Proper body temperature
P - Proper administration of fluid
P - Proper oxygenation
P - Proper transfer
I. GETTING STARTED

 Planning of Action
 Gathering of needed materials
 Initial response as follows:
A – Ask for HELP
I – Intervene
D – Do no further HARM
 Instruct helpers
II. EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

A. Survey the Scene.

 Is the scene safe?
 What happened?
 How many people are injured?
 Are there bystanders who can help?
 Identify yourself as a trained First Aider
 Get consent to give care
 Check responsiveness
 Protect spine if necessary
B. Activate Medical Assistance (AMA)
or Transfer Facility

 Depend on the situation:

“Call First” or “Care First”

 A bystander can be
requested to call for help
C. Activate Medical Assistance (AMA)

Information to be relayed:
 What happened
 Number of persons injured
 Extent of injury and First Aid given
 The telephone number from where you

are calling
 Person who activated medical assistance

must drop the phone last

A. Do BLS survey and Interpretation
1. Check for responsiveness: Taps and shouts, “Are you
alright, are you ok?” Scan the chest for movements (5-10
secs.)
2. Tell someone to activate the Emergency Medical System
and get an AED.
3. Checks carotid pulse (min. 5 sec; Maximum 10 secs.).
4. Bares patient’s chest and locate CPR hand position.
5. Delivers first cycle of compressions at correct rate
(acceptable: 18 seconds or less for 30 compressions).
6. Give 2 breaths (1 second each). 1st Cycle
 WHEN A.E.D. arrives
 1. Turns AED on, Select proper pads, and place pads

correctly. (Follow the AED voice command, examples):

 Connect pads
 Connect cables
 Do not touch the patient
 Analyzing
 Shock advice
 Charging
 Clear the patient
 Alarm (ttttttttttttt)
 Shock delivered
 Continue CPR
 2. Clear patient to analyze (must be visible and
verbal check).
 3. Clear patient to shock/presses shock button (must

be visible and verbal check; maximum time from AED

arrival less than 45 secs.
 2ND CYCLE:
 7. Delivers second cycle of compressions at correct

hand position (acceptable greater than 23 to 30

compressions).
 8. Gives two breaths (1 second each) with visible

chest rise.

The next step is performed only if the manikin is equipped with a

feedback device, such as a clicker or light. If there is no feedback device,
STOP THE TEST.

 9. Delivers third cycle of compressions of

adequate depth with complete chest recoil
(acceptable; greater than 23 compressions).
AIRWAY
Head-tilt-chin-lift maneuver Jaw thrust
D. Do the Secondary Survey of the Victim
1. Interview the victim: 2. Check Vital Signs
3. Check for: D- deformity
c - contusion
A - abrasion
P - puncture
B – bleeding/ burn
T - tenderness
L - laceration
S - swelling
CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTION:
1.Improper chewing of large pieces of food.
2.Excessive intake of alcohol.
3.Presence of loose upper and lower
dentures.
4.For children – running while eating.
5.Hand-to-mouth stage left unattended for
smaller children
TYPES OF OBSTRUCTION
 ANATOMICAL – when
tongue drops back
and obstructs the
throat.

 MECHANICAL – when
foreign objects lodged
in the pharynx or airways;
fluid accumulation.
CLASSIFICATION OF
OBSTRUCTION:
 MILD OBSTRUCTION – victim is responsive,
can cough forcefully, although frequently
there is wheezing between coughs.

 SEVERE OBSTRUCTION – victim has weak,

ineffective cough, high pitched noise while
inhaling, increase respiratory difficulty, and
possible cyanosis.
 Use
abdominal thrust or Heimlich
maneuver to relieve FBAO