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Work and Energy Principles in Physics

Work and energy are key concepts in physics. Work is done when a force causes an object to move through a displacement. The formula for work is W = Fd, where F is the force applied and d is the displacement. Work done by a spring on an object can be calculated using the formula W = 1/2kx^2, where k is the spring constant. Kinetic energy of an object is defined by the formula K = 1/2mv^2, where m is the object's mass and v is its velocity. The work-kinetic energy theorem states that a positive net work done on an object increases its kinetic energy and speed.

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mariyha Palanggana
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68 views27 pages

Work and Energy Principles in Physics

Work and energy are key concepts in physics. Work is done when a force causes an object to move through a displacement. The formula for work is W = Fd, where F is the force applied and d is the displacement. Work done by a spring on an object can be calculated using the formula W = 1/2kx^2, where k is the spring constant. Kinetic energy of an object is defined by the formula K = 1/2mv^2, where m is the object's mass and v is its velocity. The work-kinetic energy theorem states that a positive net work done on an object increases its kinetic energy and speed.

Uploaded by

mariyha Palanggana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

WORK AND ENERGY

In physics, work is done only if an object is moved through some


displacement while a force is applied to it. Doing work involves
applying a force to an object while moving it a given distance.
The definition for work W might be taken as

W = Fd
where: F = magnitude of force acting on an object
d = is the magnitude of the object’s displacement
REFRESH DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRATION
WORK DONE BY A VARYING FORCE
FORMULA OF WORK

𝑥𝑓
𝑊 =∫ 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑖
WORK DONE BY A SPRING
FORCE EXERTED BY A STRETCHED OR COMPRESSED
SPRING

Fs = -kx
Where: k = force constant
HOOKE’S LAW

Hooke’s law can describe the behavior very accurately provided that
the displacement from equilibrium is not too large.

Note: The value of k is a measure of the stiffness of the spring.


FORMULA FOR WORK DONE BY A SPRING ON
THE BLOCK

𝑥𝑓
1 2 1 2
𝑊=∫ (− 𝑘𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥= 𝑘𝑥𝑖 − 𝑘𝑥𝑓
𝑥𝑖 2 2
WORK DONE BY APPLIED FORCE
FORMULA

0 0
1 2
𝑊𝑓𝑎𝑝𝑝= ∫ 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑑𝑥= ∫ (𝑘𝑥) 𝑑𝑥=¿− 𝑘𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 ¿
−𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
EXAMPLE 1

A variable force (in Newtons) acting on an object is represented by


the function F(x) = x^2 – 4x +7 where x is the distance in meters from
the origin. How much work is required to move the object from x = 1
to x = 4?(12Joules)
EXAMPLE
One end of a horizontal spring (k = 80 N/m) is held fixed while an
external force is applied to the free end, stretching it slowly from xA
= 0 to xB = 4.0 cm.
A. Find the work done by the external force on the spring.(0.064J)
B. Find the additional work done in stretching the spring from xB =
4.0 cm to xC = 7.0 cm.(0.13J)
KINETIC
ENERGY
The kinetic energy K of an object of mass m moving with a speed v is
defined as
DERIVATION OF KINETIC ENERGY FORMULA
USING WORK
WORK ENERGY THEOREM

The work–kinetic energy theorem indicates that the speed of a


particle increases if the net work done on it is positive because the
final kinetic energy will be greater than the initial kinetic energy.
The speed decreases if the net work is negative because the final
kinetic energy will be less than the initial kinetic energy.
EXAMPLE

A 6.00-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal


frictionless surface by a constant, horizontal force of magnitude 12.0
N as in Figure 6.12. Find the speed of the block after it has moved
3.00 m.(Ans: 3.46m)

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