Mics Kerys - Basic Reminders: Titre de La Diapositive

Titre de la diapositive

Mics Kerys – Basic Reminders

1
Basic Regulations meanings
Set up point : nominal adjustement point
Gain : Time delays from reading to action
Stability : Time réaction to stable state
Droop : Dead band action
Proportional : The action will be proportional of the gap in between set point and reading
Integral :The main purpose of the integral gain is to have actual speed equals to requested
speed.High integral gain can cause slow engine hunting (unstable).

Derivative : The main purpose of the derivative gain is to stabilize the system.
High dérivative gain can cause very fast and erratic engine hunting (unstable).
Isochronous : No dead band ( droop = 0 )
Off set : Value from Référence to set up
Amplitude : Set up band action
EFC : Electro Fuel Control
ECU : Engine Contrôl Unit
2
SDMO Training departement
Speed
Droop
Time
Speed
Gain Stability
OFF ON
= Best setting = Best setting
Time
3
Speed adjustement
EX MTU = ref 10v – 6v Off Set = 4v

U DC
Reference
EFC or ECU
Off set Output Amplitude
Time
4
Speed governor reminder
Régulation
MODULE
Action
Read
Page 5 5
Proportionnal gain
The main purpose of the propotionnal gain is to speed up/down reactions.

High proportionnal gain can cause fast engine hunting (unstable).
Page 6
6
Integral gain
The main purpose of the integral gain is to have actual speed equals to
requested speed.
High integral gain can cause slow engine hunting (unstable).
Page 7
7
Derivative gain
The main purpose of the derivative gain is to stabilize the system.

High dérivative gain can cause very fast and erratic engine hunting (unstable).
Page 8
8
Speed governor reminder Must-do & must-know
- Magnetic pick-up voltage must be at least 2.5 Volts at crank speed
- Do not use same pick-up for speed governor and overspeed protection
- 0Volt must be taken from the control box and not from batterie minus
-Remote speed contrôle should always be shielded and must be far away
from power cables.
-Size of the power supply leads to control box and to actuator should be
twisted and are to be selected regarding distance between modules.
9
Voltage regulation reminders
STATOR
WINDING
EXCITER
FIELD
ROTOR
WINDING ROTATING EXCITER
RECTIFIERS ARMATURE
AVR
Action
Régulation
Read
A.C. MODULE
D.C.
10
Basic Genset Regulations Loops
Air
Fuel U / HZ
Engine Speed Alternator
Action Read Action Read
Voltage Loops
EFC AVR
Speed Loops Action Action

Read
Regulation Module
U / HZ
11
Genset Synchronizing
REMINDERS
12
Principle of synchronization
13
Important rules to synchronize two generating sets
We need :
- equality of FREQUENCY
Titre - equality of VOLTAGE
de la diapositive
- equality of PHASE ANGLE
14
Equality of frequency
0 /2  2 /3 2  t
T1
T2 T
15
Equality of voltage
U
U
0 /2  
2 /3 2  t
16
Equality of phase angle
U  
0 /2  
2 /3 2  t
17
Main manufacturers of synchronizing equipments used in EUROPE
By direct contact By analogical signal
ALSTHOM. BARBER COLMAN.
BASLER. WOODWARD.
WOODWARD. GAC.
SEG. SEG.
SELCO. HEINZMANN.
DEIF. SELCO.
AEES. ( ex HENNEQUIN ). DEIF.
CEE. ( ex TECHNIREL, ex REGULATEURS GEORGIN ). CEE. ( ex TECHNIREL, ex REGULATEURS GEORGIN ).
18
Live Bus synchronization Principle
19
Dead Bus synchronization principle
20
Advantage of the dead field synchronization
Availability of all generators, so a faster resumption of the

activity.
No risk of energy exchange during the synchronization.
Avoid magnetizing currents transformers.
21
Utilization of the neutral
Power station with one generator :

The neutral can be linked to earth whatever the pitch of coil.
Power station with many generators :
- alternator pitch 2/3 :
Neutrals can be connected to each other or to the earth.
- alternators with same pitch :
Neutrals can be connected.
Note: active and reactive loads must be distributed.
- alternators with different pitch :
Neutrals cannot be connected.
If necessary to connect neutrals, place a coil between each alternator
to limit current.
Power station synchronised with the mains :
If the neutral is connected, an alternator pitch 2/3 is needed.
Reduction of power :
P 2/3 = P full x 3 / 2.
22
2 Differents synchronizing sequence
Live bus synchronising
1- Start A
A B 2- Close a
Titre de la diapositive 3- Start B

4- Synchronised B with bus-bar
5- Close b
a b
Dead bus synchronising
1- Close a and b
2- Start A and B
3- Control speed A and B > 1450 tr /mn
4- Exitation A and B
5- Voltage rise up on bus bar
23
Dead bus synchronization avantages
Availability of all generators, so a faster resumption of the activity.
Titre
No riskde la diapositive
of energy exchange during the synchronization.
Avoid in-rush currents transformers.
Possibility of energising transformer bigger than generator
24
Graph - KW function to KVAR
25
The “MORDEY” Curve ( relation between I induced and I excitation)
26
KW & KVAR Graph given by Utility supply ( when sync with Mains)
KW Consumption
KW & KVAR consumption
KVAR Production
KW & KVA Production KVAR Consumption

KW Production
27
Load impacts
• Gensets have to accept load impacts corresponding to change in a

production process for example. Typically :
Titre de la
. From 10diapositive
to 500 kVA, our gensets are able to accept in a single
step, a load impact of 75% of their nominal power.
. From 500 to 2000 kVA, our gensets are able to accept in a single
step a load impact of 50% of their nominal power.
NOTE : Of course this load impact will affect frequency and voltage.
(except : MTU have a better abilities for load impacts, approximately
60-70 %)
28
Load Sharing
REMINDERS
29
Voltage and KVAR relations
For a non-synchronized genset :

- KVAR is function of load’s power factor.
- Action on the order of the AVR enables to adjust load’s supply voltage.
Genset synchronised with another one :
- KVAR is :
- function of the load.
function of the behaviour of generators toward each other.
- Action on the order of the AVR enables to adjust the repartition of the
reactive power and the voltage of the bus bar.
30
Speed and KW relations
For a non-synchronized genset :

- KW is function of load’s power factor.
- Action on the speed regulator’s instruction allows to adjust load’s
supply frequency.
Genset synchronized with another one :

- KW is :
- function of the load.
- function of the behaviour of generators toward each other.
- Action on the instruction of the speed control unit allows to adjust
the distribution of the KW and the Bus bar frequency.
31
KW & KVAR Diagram for generating set
32
Without KW distribution
Distribution of active power
33
KW Power Reverse and KVAR Power reverse
KW Power Reverse
KVAR Power reverse
34
Speed DROOP
35
KW distribution with DOOP Mode
36
KW distribution with DROOP Mode
37
KW distribution with DROOP Mode
38
Voltage DROOP Mode
39
KVAR distribution with DROOP Mode
40
KW distribution in isochronous Mode
41
KVAR distribution in Isovoltage Mode
42
Load sharing
Bus can : Kerys to Kerys Bus
DC : Kerys with other ILS
Regulation Regulation
module module
Bus can : Kw Kvar
Titre Digital
de la diapositive
Bus DC voltage KW
Digital
Analog ( Kvar on droop mode ) Analog

Kvar Kvar
Kw A B Kw
UI IU
a b
43
Speed governor – Reminder- Parallel lines
Page 16
44
Electrical Genset
Protections REMINDERS
45
Detection
When gensets are synchronised to the mains, we have those following regulation
mode :
- KW is kept in a constant value (remote controlled or not).
KVAR is function of KW or constant PF “cos ”.
Measures which allow the detection of a micro power cut are function of the
following electrical parameters :
-F
- V
- I
- KW
- KVAR
46
Protections
GENSET MAINS ( Grid)

( ANSI 49 ) Thermical current ( ANSI 78 ) Rocof « DF/DT »
( ANSI 50 ) Over Load ( ANSI 78 ) Vector Jump ( Shift )
( ANSI 27 ) Mini Voltage ( ANSI 21 ) Minimum of impedance
( ANSI 59 ) Over Voltage
( ANSI 81 ) Mini Fréquency
( ANSI 81 ) Over Frequency
( ANSI 32-2 ) Max KW
( ANSI 32 ) Max KVAR
( ANSI 32-2 ) Mini KW
( ANSI 32P ) Reverse power
( ANSI 40 / 32) Reverse reactive power
( ANSI 46 ) Imbalance current
( ANSI 51/51V) Short-cicuit
( ANSI 64) Homopolar Current
( ANSI 67 ) Directional short-circuit
( ANSI 67N ) Directional homopolar current
( ANSI 59N ) Homopolar voltage
( ANSI 87B ) Restricted ground
47
Protections - description
( ANSI 49 ) Thermical current
Titre
( ANSI 32 ) de Max
la diapositive
KVAR
( ANSI 46 ) Imbalance current
( ANSI 51/51V) Short-cicuit
( ANSI 64) Homopolar Current
48
Protections - description
( ANSI 59N ) Homopolar voltage
( ANSI 87B ) Restricted ground
49
Electrical protection reminder : Vector Jump ANSI 78
This protection allows detection of loss of mains.

If mains disappear when genset is paralleled with, the
seen load quickly changes and the voltage curve shifts.
Titre de la diapositive This is the fastest way to detect loss of mains.
The threshold shift angle can be set between 0.5° and 20°.
The setting is choosen regarding the ratio of the genset, the load, the mains total load ...
50
Electrical protection reminder : Rocof or DF/DT ANSI 78
50,5
50
49,5Titre de la diapositive
49
48,5
This protection allows detection of loss of mains.
If mains disappear when genset is paralleled with, the seen load changes and
48 after a delay due to engine inertia the speed/frequency decreases with a rate
in accordance with the load seen
47,5
The threshold rate of change can be set from 0.5Hz/s to 5Hz/s.
The setting is choosen regarding the ratio of the genset, the load, the mains total load ...
47
46,5
51
Electrical protection reminder : Low impedance ANSI 21
Impedance This protection allows detection of loss of mains for example. It monitors
instantaneous impedance of the load Z=Vrms/Irms seen from the genset
The thresholds impedance can be set from 4 to 120 Ohms.
The setting is choosen regarding the ratio of the genset, the load, the mains total
load ...
Threshold 1
Fault area
Threshold 2
Delay 2 Delay 1 Delay

52
Low impedance Diagram
I
Z = U/I
IF U goes to 0
And
U
I increase
Z goes to 0
Z
seuil
53
Electrical protection reminder : Overcurrent ANSI 50
This protection allows
Delay detection of short cicuits
between phases, phase to
neutral, phase to earth. It
monitors instantaneous
RMS currents on each
Fault area
phases and the sum of the
currents going out of the
genset.
The thresholds currents can

Delay 1 be set from In to 5In for
phase, from 0.5In to In for
earth fault and
from 0.3In to In for neutral
fault. In is 1A or 5A.
The delays can be set from
0 to 5s
Delay 2 For earth fault current, an
8th order low pass filter
removes the 3rd harmonic.
Threshold 1 Threshold 2 Current value

Page 23
54
Electrical protection reminder : Voltage earth fault
Delay This protection allows

detection of potentially
dangerous voltages on the
genset. It monitors
instantaneous RMS
voltage between earth and
Titre de la diapositive neutral.
Fault area
The thresholds voltage
can be set from 30 volts to
Delay 1 100 volts.
An 8th order low pass
filter removes the 3rd
harmonic.
Delay 2
Threshold 1 Threshold 2 Voltage value

55
Electrical protection reminder : Directionnal overcurrent ANSI 67
Fault area
I1
=45°
No fault area 1 Reference voltage
U32
This protection allows detection of short cicuits between

phases, phase to neutral, phase to earth inside the
generator. It monitors instantaneous RMS currents on each
phases and the sum of the currents going out of the genset
and compares the phase between these currents and its
reference voltage.
56
Directional homopolar current ANSI 67N
57
HIGHLIGHTS
Basic Reminders on Gensets
58
Current Tansformer Spécifications
I primary (A) ex: 200/5A . 5P5. 30VA . 50/60Hz .750V
5 X In
CT are design due to the

Titre de la diapositive utilisation :
- protection 5P5
- measure Cl1
- ratio X/5A ou X/1A
ex: 200/5A . Cl1. 30VA . 50/60Hz . 750V
- power en VA
A
- isolation
In
5A 25A I secondary (A)

( In ) ( 5 In )
59
Measurement and protection on Neutral point
GENSET
Titre de la diapositive 3~
50 21
Protection 59 dF/dt
° 67N X/5 - 5P5 - 10VA
Module 51N 
67
32 32Q
Régulation 81 32P X/5 - Cl 0,5 - 10VA

Module 27 32RP
59 32RQ
51
60
Kerys Voltage and Current measurement
Current measure
genset
( X/5A )
Titre de la diapositive Voltage measure
Voltage measure
genset
ALTERNATOR ( 100V à 500V )
61
Triangle of the powers
Ph1
Ir1
Titre de la diapositiveI1
U
Ia1 
P = U I 3 cos
N
Q = U I 3sin 
I3
 Ia2 S=UI 3
Ia3 
Ir3
Q = P tg 
Ph3 Ir2 Ph2 I=

2 2
Ir+ Ia
I2
62
Summary about neutral regimes using C15-100 standard
Regime Number of conductors Detection Note
4 poles Measure of residual Trigging at the 1st

TT current default
3 poles Without Trigging by protection
C against overload
(Measure of residual
TN 4 poles
current)
3 poles Measure of the Trigging at the 2nd

SN resistance of insulation default by protection
IT 4 poles
against overload
AN
63
Connection DELTA / STAR
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
64
Glossary of terms
PLC : Programmable Logical Controle

MMI : Man Machine Interface
TOR : Tout Ou Rien. = binary
CPU
Titre de la :diapositive
Control Process Unit
ECU : Engine Control Unit
PC : Common Part
Tactil : Tactile = touch screen display
Grid : Mains = Normal
IP : Internet Protocole
JDB : Jeux De Barres ( French ) = Bus Bar ( english )
ILS : Isochronus Load Sharing
BUS CAN : Bus Controler Area Network
65

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Titre de la diapositive

Mics Kerys – Basic Reminders

= Best setting = Best setting

EX MTU = ref 10v – 6v Off Set = 4v

Off set Output Amplitude

The main purpose of the propotionnal gain is to speed up/down reactions.

The main purpose of the derivative gain is to stabilize the system.

- Magnetic pick-up voltage must be at least 2.5 Volts at crank speed

Speed Loops Action Action

By direct contact By analogical signal

Availability of all generators, so a faster resumption of the

Power station with one generator :

Titre de la diapositive 3- Start B

Availability of all generators, so a faster resumption of the activity.

Avoid in-rush currents transformers.

Possibility of energising transformer bigger than generator

KW & KVA Production KVAR Consumption

• Gensets have to accept load impacts corresponding to change in a

For a non-synchronized genset :

For a non-synchronized genset :

Genset synchronized with another one :

Distribution of active power

KVAR Power reverse

Analog ( Kvar on droop mode ) Analog

GENSET MAINS ( Grid)

( ANSI 49 ) Thermical current

( ANSI 46 ) Imbalance current

( ANSI 51/51V) Short-cicuit

( ANSI 64) Homopolar Current

( ANSI 59N ) Homopolar voltage

( ANSI 87B ) Restricted ground

This protection allows detection of loss of mains.

Delay 2 Delay 1 Delay

The thresholds currents can

Threshold 1 Threshold 2 Current value

Delay This protection allows

Threshold 1 Threshold 2 Voltage value

This protection allows detection of short cicuits between

CT are design due to the

5A 25A I secondary (A)

Régulation 81 32P X/5 - Cl 0,5 - 10VA

Titre de la diapositive Voltage measure

Ph3 Ir2 Ph2 I=

4 poles Measure of residual Trigging at the 1st

3 poles Measure of the Trigging at the 2nd

PLC : Programmable Logical Controle

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