University of Cebu-

MainPHILIPPINE
HUM 102
POPULAR
CULTURE
TTH (9:00-10:30)
Leader:

Cuyos, Shiela Marie R.

Members:
Carñedo Welmer N.
Daan, Floriandee M.
Dacuma, Cathy May V.
Daquiado Christine Joy R.
De Guzman, Jean Alethea V.
Galleros, Justine Anthony D.
Generale, Jheetro Faith R.
Entera, Zeck Francine Joseph
II. Introduction and
Institutionalization of Philippine Pop
Culture

Philippine Popular Culture: In retrospect

A. What is Pop
culture?
B. Colonial
a. Spanish
b. American
c. Japanese
C. Contemporary
a. Third Republic until the
present
b. Influences on Culture
1. Ideology
2. Politics
3. Language
4. Education
5. Arts
What is Pop Culture?
Popular culture is generally
recognized by members of a
society as a set of the
practices, beliefs, and
objects that are dominant or
prevalent in a society at a
given point in time.
The Spanish Period
Spanish Colonization (1521-1898)
Ferdinand Magellan
March 16, 1521 – The Spanish fleet arrived in the vicinity of Samar.

March 31 – The Spaniards celebrated a mass in the island of Limasawa,

Leyte. The local chiefs, Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siagu, attended. The
chiefs also made an alliance with the Spaniards.

April 7 – The fleet visited the port of Cebu. They also made an alliance with
Rajah Humabon and baptized the Rajah, his wife, and their followers.
Magellan gave the statue of the Santo Nino to the Queen of Cebu as gift
during the baptism.

Ferdinand Magellan
Magellan's Cross
Magellan's Cross is a
Christian cross planted by
Portuguese and Spanish
explorers as ordered by
Ferdinand Magellan upon
arriving in Cebu.
April 27 – The Spaniards battled Lapu-Lapu, in behalf
of Humabon, in nearby Mactan island.
Magellan was killed. The Spaniards withdrew and left
Cebu and the Philippines.
April 27, 1565 – Another Spanish expedition led by
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi entered the port of Cebu. When
the Cebuanos opposed their landing, they cannonaded the
kingdom. The Cebuanos retreated to the hills. The
Spaniards established the first Spanish settlement in the
port, but Cebuanos harrassed this settlement.

June 4 – The Cebuanos, led by Rajah Tupas, were

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi forced to recognized Spanish sovereignty.
May 1571 – The Spaniards, with the aid of a large Visayan
force, attacked and defeated the Muslim kingdom of Manila
ruled by Rajah Sulayman. They made Manila the capital of the
colony. They also defeated or forced to surrender to Spanish rule
the surrounding kingdoms.
May 1572 – They entered Ilocos and Pangasinan.
And within several years, the Spanish armies defeated or
intimidated the different kingdoms of the Philippines into
recognizing Spanish rule. Or the Spanish missionaries convinced
them to accept foreign rule.
Bicol, Samar, Leyte, and Northern Mindanao became parts of
the Spanish colony.
Architecture during the
Spanish Colonization
By the mid-1580s, through the
efforts of Domingo Salazar, the first
bishop of Manila, and of the Jesuit
Antonio Sedeño, edifices began to be
constructed of stone. Fr. Sedeño built
the first stone building, which was the
residence of Bishop Salazar. By 1587,
Bahay na Bato Governor General Santiago de Vera
required all buildings in Manila to be
Bahay na bato (Tagalog, literally "house of stone") built of stone.
is a type of building originating during the
Philippines' Spanish Colonial Period.
Common Parts of Bahay na Bato

Balconaje, Balcon - Balcony Cocina - Kitchen, which was typically

built separately from the house
Cuartos - Rooms

Bañera - Bathtub Comedor - Dining room Tumba-tumba - Philippine

Baño/banyo - Bathroom rocking chair
Nuestra Señora de la Santo Thomas de
Asuncion Villanueva
in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, Church in Iloilo
The name Intramuros means “inside the wall.” For 400 years, Intramuros served as the center of
the Spanish occupation, originally built to be the residence for Spanish government officials and
their families. It was where the most influential and wealthy citizens of colonial Manila lived. The
natives and Chinese were not allowed to live inside Intramuros, only the Spanish elite and mestizos.
Located in the heart of Intramuros, Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica, better known as the Manila
Cathedral, is one of the oldest and most famous churches in the Asia. It has been the venue for papal masses
and has long been the seat of the Archbishop of the Philippines. From 1581 to 1958, this Neo-Romanesque-
Byzantine cathedral has gone several major reconstructions due to wars, fires, typhoons, and earthquakes.
During Spanish era, Plaza de Roma was considered the center of the city where bullfights and
other public events were held, until it was converted into a garden in 1797. At the center of
Plaza de Roma is a monument to Charles IV of Spain, which was erected in 1824, for his having
sent the first batch of smallpox vaccines to the Philippines.
This is the San Agustin Church located in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. It is already over
400 years old. It was constructed on the year 1607, and even up to this present time, people still
go to this beautiful church to praise the name of the Lord.
Poblacion or población
(literally "town" or
"settlement"
The common term used for the central, downtown, old town or central business district
area of a Philippine city or municipality, which may take up the area of a single
barangay or multiple barangays.
Christianization of the
Filipinos
Spread the gospel using the local languages: Ilocano,
Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano, Ilonggo,
Cebuano-Bisaya, Waray

Bajo de la Campana: churches built in the towns and

people required to live near them

Prohibited animistic practices: ancient altars and icons

destroyed, and native priests captured and banished or
killed

Introduced Catholic Rituals and celebrations: mass,

baptism, confession, anointing of sick, fiestas, Christmas,
Holy Week
From Pagan icons to Catholic icons
The Colonial Economy
Galleon Trade (1565-1815) Philippines
became a transhipment point for the export
of Oriental products to Spanish (Latin)
America. Cash-crop Cultivation and Export
(1800’s)
The government encouraged or mandated
the planting of farmlands into tobacco,
sugar, and abaca. These crops were for
export.
Cargoes of the galleons
1.silk cloth, cotton cloth
2.spices (pepper, cloves, etc)
3.porcelain (bowls, jars, etc)
4.metal ware
5.woodwork
6.medicinal plants
7.perfume
Tobacco monopoly: provinces Most of the provinces of The slopes of Bicol were
such as the Ilocos and Cagayan Iloilo, Negros, Cebu were planted with abaca plant
Valley were required to produce which were made into the
turned into sugar haciendas.
certain volume of tobacco, if not Manila Hemp, cordage for
they paid penalties. ships.
Education

The Augustinians The Franciscans Friars arrived The Jesuits arrived on1581 and
on 1577 and taught people concentrated on teaching the
opened a school in how to read and write. And young. And the Dominicans
Cebu on 1565. imparting important industrial arrived in 1587 and did the same
and agricultural techniques. thing
Doctrina Christiana
The first book printed in the
Philippines on 1593
The Jesuits also founded the Colegio de The Colegio de San Ildefonso was
On April 28, 1611, the Unibersidad de Santo San José (1601) and took over the
established in 1595 in Cebú by the
Tomas was founded in Manila, initially management of a school that became
Society of Jesus. The school closed down
the Escuela Municipal (1859, later
named as the Colegio de Nuestra Senora in 1768, but the present-day University of
renamed Ateneo Municipal de Manila
del Santisimo Rosario. The third archbishop in 1865, now the Ateneo de Manila San Carlos makes
of Manila Fray Miguel Benavides established University). the claim of tracing its roots to the
it. The Dominicans on their part had the
arguably defunct 16th Century school.
Colegio de San Juan de Letrán (1620)
in Manila.
This claim has been the subject of
numerous debates.
Colegio de Santa Potenciana was the first school and college for girls that
opened in the Philippines, in 1589. It was followed by another school for
women, Colegio de Santa Isabel, that opened in 1632. Other Schools and
Colleges for girls were Santa Catalina, Santa Rosa, La Concordia, etc.
Several religious congregations also established schools for orphaned girls
who could not educate themselves.
Indio
Indio is the name given for Filipinos during the Spanish period
Paid tributes (taxes) – eight reales (one peso) annually in money
or in kind (rice, cotton cloth, gold, even chicken). In 1884,
tribute was replaced by the cedula (individual tax).
Worked on government projects (polo or forced labor) – each
year a Filipino (18-60 yrs old) worked for 40 days. In the 19th
century, shortened to 15 days. Polistas worked in groups
building roads, bridges, churches, town halls, hospitals, and in
shipyards for the government.
Observed the Bandala – planted crops according to the orders of
the government and sells the harvest to the government too.
Burial Practices
Cremations were banned by the Catholic Church as it is against the
belief that the dead will be resurrected by the second coming of
Christ, which required the body to be intact. "This idea of
resurrection would not be taken well by the Filipinos at that time
however, and as a result the Spanish enlisted the help of Jesuits to
attempt and convert Filipinos to Catholicism. This was accompanied
by the fact that the conversions had to be supplemented by
reassurance that this resurrection was by no means evil.
With the slow spread of Catholic beliefs and practices, there was
much more uniformity with regard to burials in the areas that had
been affected by the Spanish influence.
These new standard of burials were then subject to the criterion and
requirements set by the Roman Catholic Church.
Courtship
Filipino's and Spaniards have almost the same style of courtship. The manliligaw was
indicated to a man who attempts to court woman to seek for marriage. In Spanish Era, the
courtship was practiced by the giving value of courting a woman and also the family of the
woman that being courted.
Clothing

The Maria Clara dress is an elegant The Spanish era brought about
formal outfit for women. It is In the 1700s, when the Spanish brought in their
Spanish ethics, which influenced dressy shirt with standing collar, the use of the
considered a mestiza dress because
it is an ensemble combining Christianized women to wear a baro was confined to the Ilustrado (male
indigenous and Spanish influences. skirt called the saya and a blouse members of family who owned landed estates
The Maria Clara dress became very and invested with some authority in the
called the baro, which was worn
popular during the Spanish era community). They were not allowed to tuck in
since its emergence in 1890. throughout the 400 years of the baro under waistband or have any pockets
colonization. reminding the Indios that despite their wealth
and power, they remained natives.
Music and Arts

In 1596, the Spanish educational system was established which required Filipinos to play musical instruments such as the
organ and flute, among others. Children and natives were gathered and taught the rudiments of Western music to sing in
liturgical services, and when training was completed, they were tasked to teach others as well. In 1601, the Augustinians, the
first missionaries to arrive in the Philippines, set up the first orchestra in the country, particularly in the Convent of
Guadalupe. Religious orders organized the schola cantorum (school of singers), and the escuela de tiples or boys’ choirs.
Among the notable Filipino musicians during this age of church music in the Philippines is Marcelo Adonay.
Social Classes

Peninsulares Insulares Illustrados

Full-blooded Full-blooded Also called as the
Spanish living in Spanish living in enlightened ones, they are a
the Philippines wealthy group of
the Philippines
and born in the individuals born in the
and born in Spain Philippines as Philippines and were able to
well study abroad
Chinese/Spanish
Indio Sangley
Mestiza/o
Full-blooded
People with mixed
Full-blooded
racial origins Chinese living
and economically Filipino in the Philippines
sufficient
Spanish Words You Thought Were Filipino
Tsismis- comes from the Spanish word chismes, which means gossip. There is an Ilokano word for gossip and it is sayangguseng.
Asikaso- is derived from the phrase hacer caso, which means to pay attention or to take notice. The Filipino alternative to this loan word is tuon or
pagtutuon.
Tropa- means a friend or a group of friends in Filipino. In Spanish, tropa means troop.
Sige- comes from the Spanish word sigue, which means go ahead.
Maski- is the Filipinized version of the Spanish phrase mas que, which means more than or greater than.
Asar- is a loan word from Spanish which means to roast, as in to subject someone to ridicule or criticism.
Gusto- is another loan word from Spanish which means pleasure or like. An alternative Filipino word for gusto is nais or hangad.
Lugar- means place. The alternative Filipino word for place is pook.
Lakwatsa- comes from the Spanish phrase la cuacha, which means to waste time by doing pointless things. In today’s lingo, it means gallivanting.
Trabaho- Spaniards in colonial times used to shout “trabajo!” while whipping Filipino slaves to encourage them to work harder. It means work. The
alternative Filipino word for trabajo is hanapbuhay.
Intindi- comes from the Spanish word entiende, which means understand. The alternative Filipino word for it is unawa.
Kuwento- is still derived from a Spanish word. It comes from cuento, which means story. A related Filipino word istorya, which also means story, comes
from the Spanish word historia or history. The alternative Filipino word for cuento is salaysay.
Kubeta or toilet -is the Filipinized word for cubeta or bucket, barrel, or keg. And now you have an image of how they did business back in those days. It
involved a bucket, barrel, or keg.
Pan de regla-is a soft local bread with a distinct red filling. It's such a bread fix you can get it at almost every local bakeshop and even at sidewalks.
Filipinos enjoy eating this as a snack.
American
Colonization in the
Philippines
Philippine- American War
 Also known as the Philippine Insurrection or the
Tagalog Insurgency
Philippine- American War Timeline
 1898 – Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the
Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris
 February 4, 1899- Emilio Aguinaldo officially declares
war on United States
- 1899 Battle of Manila, first and largest battle of the war
 June 2, 1899- the first Philippine Republic or the Malolos
Congress declared war on the United States
 March 23, 1901-
Aguinaldo is captured by
US Force, led by General
Federick Funston
 July 2, 1902- The war was ended and with a victory for
United States
 Philippine- American war lasted for 3 years. Whila the
period of American colonization in the Philippines lasted
for 48 years.
 Philippine-American war leads to the
disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the
Philippine as a state religion.

 Introduction of english as the primary language of

government, education, business, industry and
educated individuals.
Schurman Commision
 Was known as thr first Philippine Commision
 Headed by Jacob Gould Schurman
 Was established by President William Mckinley

Jacob Gould Schurman President William Mckinley

Taff Commission
 Known as the second Philippine Commission
 Headed by William Howard Taft
 Between September 1900- August 1902, it issued 499 laws
established a judicial system, including a supreme court,
drew up a legal code and organized a civil service.

William Howard Taft

Establishment of Civil Government
The Insular Government
( 1901-1935)
 Bureau of Insular Affairs- territorial gorvernment of the
United States
 United States Military Government of the Philippine
Islands
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
1902- The United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act,
which organized and served as its basic law

Philippine Commission- Philippine Assembly-

upper house lower house
Philippine Commonwealth
 May 14, 1935- presindency of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
was won by Manuel L. Quezon (Nacionalista Party)
 replaced the Insular Government and was established by the
Tydings-McDuffie Act
 1935- Tagalog- was selected as the national language
 1946- Commonwealth ended and the Philippines claimed
sovereignty as provided in the 1935 Constitution
Cultural Changes during American
Colonization

English- as the medium use

Public schools were opened
for instruction

Protestanism
Clothing Infrastructures
JAPANESE COLONOZATION (1942-1945 )
KON’NICHIWA
.. HOURS AFTER PEARL HARBOR
•War came unexpectedly to the
Philippines. Japan opened a surprise
attack on the Philippines on December 8,
1941, when Japan attacked without
warning, just ten hours after the attack on
pearl harbor. Japanese troops attacked the
islands in many places and launched a
pincer drive on manila. Aerial
bombardment was followed by landings
of ground troops of luzon. The defending
BRIEF HISTORY OF JAPANESE COLONIZATION Philippine and United States troops were
under the command of General Douglas
MacArthur.

The Japanese Occupation

(1942-1945)
The outbreak of World War II caused
serious disturbances in the Philippine
monetary system.
INTRODUCTION
Japan occupied the Philippines for
over three years, until the surrender
of Japan. A highly effective guerilla
campaign by Philippine resistance
forces controlled sixty percent of the
islands, mostly jungle and mountain
areas. MacArthur supplied them by
submarine, and sent reinforcements
and officers. Filipinos remained loyal
to the United States, partly because
of the American guarantee of
independence, and also because the
Japanese had pressed larged numbers
of Filipinos into work details and
even put young Filipino women into
brothels.
Philippine Music During the
Japanese Era

• Japanese music was heard daily

in radio broadcasts. Their songs
were also taught in public
schools. Students, however,
 Japanese Period never took these songs to heart.
• The Japanese held conferences
and lectures on Oriental music
in Manila with the hope of
diverting the loyalty of the
Filipinos away from the
Philippine Culture in Japanese Americans.
Occupation • In may 7, 1943 the first
-The Filipino lost their freedom of speech and Japanese Musical Mission was
expression held, with the support of the
-The development of art was also stopped. New Philippine Musical
-Filipinos greatly feared the “zoning” Federation headed by Kosak
-There were Filipinos spies hired by the Yamada.
Japanese to point those who were suspected of
being part of the guerrilla movement.
-The Japanese made some changes in the
system of education.
Education During Japanese Colonization
1. The Japanese neverthless
encouraged the creation and
performance of music with
native themes through music
contests.
2. Concerts were also a common
form of amusement for Filipinos at
the time and the Metropolitan
Theatre became an important
venue for cultural events.

3. Classical Music including opera,

flourished during the war.
4. The New Philippine
Symphony, the first all-
Filipino ochestra, was
organized. It performed an all-
Philippine symphonic program
in July 1942, with Francisco
Santiago as Conductor.
Philippine Economy
During the Japanese Era

-Livelihood
-The Filipinos learned to
engage in different
businesses like buy and
sell and barter trade to
earn a living.

1. Different types of livelihood

were taught in vocational
schools built by japanese. They
controlled the industries,
factories and food production.
2. Subjects such as japanese
culture and Niponggo, a
Japanese language, were made
compulsory subjects in schools.
3. Filipinos were encourage to
write on condition that they
would use tagalog as medium.
 On october 20, 1944 MacArthur waded ashore
onto the Philippine island of Leyte. That day, he
made a radio broadcast in which he declared,
“People of the Philippines, I have returned”.
 In January 1945, his forces invaded the main
Philippine island of Luzon. In February, Japanese
forces at Bataan were cut off, and Corregidor
was captured. Manila, the Philippine capital fell
in March and June MacArthur announced his
offensive operations on Luzon to be at an end.
 Although scattered Japanese resistance continued
until the end of war, in August. Only 1/3 of the
men MacArthur left behind in March 1942
survived to see his return. “ Im a litte late,” he
told them, “but we finally came”.
THIRD REPUBLIC
UNTIL THE PRESENT
Third Republic of the Philippines until the Present

 The third republic started when Independence was granted by

the Americans on July 4, 1946 and ended by the imposition of
the Martial Law by Ferdinand Marcos on September 1972.

 1946 - 1961- Independence day was celebrated on July 4.

 May 12,1962- President Diosdado Macapagal issued

Proclamation No. 28,s.1962, which declared June 12 as
Independence Day.

 1964 - Congress passed Republic Act No. 4166, which formally

designated June 12 of every year as the date on which we
celebrate Philippine Independence.

 July 4 in turn has been observed as Republic Day since then.

President Manuel A. Roxas

 Manuel A. Roxas was born on

January 1, 1892 in Capiz, Philippines
and died on April 15,1948. In Clark
Field, Pampanga.
 He was the first President of the
independent third republic of the
Philippines.
 He was inaugurated on July 4, 1946,
the day the U.S. government granted
political independence to its colony.
 President Roxas encouraged the
Filipinos to help themselves and put
into practice the Bayanihan Spirit in
improving communities.
CONTRIBUTIONS AND
ACHIEVEMENTS:
✓ inaugurated as a first president of the
new Republic after World War 2
✓ reconstruction from war damage and
life without foreign rule began during his
presidency
✓ under his term, the Philippine
Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade
Act laws were accepted by Congress
✓ appears on the 100- peso bill
✓ proposed the bayanihan spirit
Problems and Issues during the Roxas Administration

1. issue of collaboration
2. graft and corruption in the
government as evidenced by
the " Surplus of War Property
Scandal", "Chinese
Immigration Quota Scandal",
"School Supplies Scandal"
3. The failure to put an end to
the communist insurgency
and Huk Movement
4. High unemployment rate
ELPIDIO R. QUIRINO

• Elpidio Quirino y Rivera

was born on November 16,
1890 and died on February
29,1956.He is a Philippine
lawyer and politician
• He was the second
President of the third
republic.
• His first state of the Nation
Address, revolved around
strengthening the people's
confidence in the
government and the
restoration of peace.
Contributions and Problems:
Achievements:

• Hukbalahap guerrilla • Unabated rampage of graft and

movement active corruption in his government
• Wasteful spending of the people's
during his
money on extravagant junkets
presidency. abroad;
• Created Social • Failure of government to check
Security Commission the Huk menace which made
• Created Integrity travel in provinces unsafe
Board to monitor • Economics distress of the times,
graft and corruption aggravated by rising
• Quezon City became unemployment rate, soaring prices
of commodities and unfavorable
capital of the balance of trade
Philippines in 1948 • Frauds and terrorrism, committed
by the Liberal Party moguls in tge
1947, 1949 and 1951 elections
President Ramon Magsaysay

CONTRIBUTIONS: PROBLEMS
AND ISSUES:

-He was born in Iba, Zambales. He was a

military governor and an engineer. He died
in an aircraft disaster while boarding the
presidential plane
-the third President of the third republic
-He is known as the President of the
masses.
-During his term, he made Malacanang
Palace literally a " house of people"
opening its gate to the public.
President Carlos P. Garcia
~fourth President of the third republic
~a lawyer, poet and teacher Carlos P. Garcia
also served as a guerrilla leader during the
Pacific War.Born in Bohol, Garcia serviced as
vice-president under Ramon Magsayaay and as
secretary of Foreign Affairs for four years. He
became president when Magsaysay died in
1957.

CONTRIBUTIONS AND PROBLEMS, ISSUES &

ACHIEVEMENTS: CONTROVERSIES:
• Known for "Filipino First Policy" which favored • Garcia was criticized by foreign
businesses Filipino business over foreign investors countries, especially the United States
• Established the Austerity Program focusing on for his anti- foreign policies
Filipino trade and commerce.
•
• Corruption in the government by his
Known as the "Prince of Visayan Poets" and the
"Bard from Bohol' appointes cabinet members marred his
• Cultural arts was revived during his presidency administration.
• Was the president to have his remains buried at the
Libingan ng mga Bayani.
President Diosdado Macapagal

• Born in Lubao, Pampanga , Diosdado

Macapagal was a lawyer and professor.
• The fifth President of the third republic.
• It was Macapagal who changed the
Independence Day to June 12 from July
4. The first celebrations
commemorating independence from
Spain where held in Spain 1962.

CONTRIBUTIONS: PROBLEMS:

• Established the first Land Reform • Acute problem in

Law, allowing for the purchase of unemployment
private farmland to be distributed in • Widespread mass poverty
inexpensive, small lots to the • Graft and corruption
landless. problem.
• Placed the Philippines peso on the • Lack of trreasury funds a
currency exchange market number his reforms were
• Declared June 12, 1898 to be blocked by the Nacionalista
Philippines Independence Day dominated Senate and
• Signed the Minimum Wage Law House of Representative.
• Created the Philippines Veteran's
President Ferdinand Emmanuel E. Marcos

- is the sixth Presidents of the third republic. It

is generally known that Marcos had the most
infrastructures and constitutional
accomplishments, which were equivalent to
those of all former presidents of the
Philippines.
-Born in Sarrat, Ilocus Norte, Ferdinand Edralin
Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for
three years.
-He was president for 21 years.
-He rules under martial law and his dictatorship
was known for its corruption and brutality.
Marcos was removed from the office after
People Power Revolution.
CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS: PROBLEMS:

 Rampant corruption.
 Political mismanagement by his
relatives and cronies.
 Having looted billions of dollars from
the Filipino treasury.
 Notorious repotist, appointing family
members and close friends to high
positions in his cabine.
 Declaration of Martial Law
 Popular sentiment in Metro Manila
• First president to win a second term
sided with Aquino leading to a massive,
• Declared Martial Law on September 22, 1972 multisectoral congregation of protesters
• Increased the sized of Philippine military and armwd forces. and the gradual deflection of the
• By 1980 the Philippines GNP was four times greater than military to Aquino led by Marcos '
1972. cronies, Enrile and Ramos.
• By 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted  The "People Power Movement" drove
countries in Asia. Marcos into exile and installed Corazon
• Built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other
infrastructure than all former President combined
Aquino as the new president.
• The only president where remains are interred inside a
refrigerator crypt.
PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO

 Is the first woman President in the CONTRIBUTIONS AND

Philippines and in Asia.
 Corazon Aquino was born in Paniqui,
ACHIEVEMENTS:
Tarlac. She was a prominent figure in
the People Power Revolution.
 Her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr., was
a senator during the Marco's regime
and its strongest critic. He was
assassinated while Marcos was still in
power.

 First woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country

 Restored democracy.
 Abolished the 1973 Marvos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the
Philippines.
 Reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government.
 Initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the neesy.
 Named "Woman of the Year" in 1986 by Time magazine.
 On the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino
 Received honors and awards including:
 100 Women Who Shaped World History
 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
 65 Great Asian Heroes
PROBLEMS:

• Nine coup attempts against her

administration
• Failure of land reform
• Economic decline
• Rising prices
• Inadequate essential public
service
• Graft and Corruption
FIDEL V. RAMOS
 The 12th President of the Philippines from 1992 -
1998.
 Ramos is the first and only non-Catholic President
of the Philippines. He belongs to the Protestant
United Church of Christ in the Philippines.
 He was the chief-staff of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines before he became president. He was
also a civil engineer.
 The first few years of his administration were
characterized by economic boom, technological
development, political stability, and efficient delivery
of basic needs to the pey.
CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS: PROBLEMS:

 Oversaw Philippine economic growth. • Power Crisis

 Signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National • High Crime Rate
Liberation Front. • Economic problems
 Received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom • Graft and Corruption
by Queen Elizabeth 2( Knight Grabd Cross of the • Charter Change
Order of St. Michael and St. George.) • Clark Centennial Expo Scandal
 Death penalty reinstated while he was in office • PEA-Amari Scandal
 Hostel the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
Leader's Summit in the Philippines in 1996.
PRESIDENT JOSEPH ESTRADA CONTRIBUTIONS AND
ACHIEVEMENTS:

• Served as the President of the  During his presidency Moro Islamic

Philippines (1998-2001) and later Liberation Front headquarters and
mayor of Manila (2013-19). camps were captured.
• He is the 13th President of the  Joined other leaders and politicians to
Philippines. try to amend the 1987 Constitution
• Known as Erap, Joseph Estrada was  Cited as one of the Three Outstanding
the first president who had been a Senators in 1989.
famous film actor.  Among the " Magnificent 12" who votal
• He organized programs such as to terminate the agreement that allows
National Anti- Poverty Commission, for U S control of Clark Airbase and
Visiting Forces Agreement, President Subic Naval Base.
Anti-Organized Crime Task Force,
Repormang Agraryo and Enhanced
Retail Access gor the Poor.
PROBLEMS AND ISSUES:
• Plunderer
• EDSA 2
• Graft and Corruption
• Poverty
• Asian Financial Crisis
• Declaration of War
• Corruption Charges and
Impeachment
PRESIDENT GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO

-is the 14th President of the Philippines. She was

the country's second female President. Gloria
Macapagal - Arroyo assumed the presidency at
noon on January 20, 2001, following the EDSA 2
Revolution which oustal the democratically
wlected President Estrada. Artoryo was arrested
on 18 November 2011 after a Pasay Court issued a
warrant of arrest.

CONTRIBUTIONS AND ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES

ACHIEVEMENTS:
• "HELLO , GARCI" Controversy
• eVAT Law was implemented under
• Oakwood Mutiny
her term
• Currently on the 200- peso bill • Fertilizer Fund Scam
• Peso became best- performing • Expensive Dinner Controversy
currency of the year in Asia in 2007 • Impeachment Complaints
• Oversaw higher economic growth • Corruption
than the oast three presidents
before her.
• Former Economics professor at the
Ateneo de Manila University, where
president Benigno Aquino 3 was
one of her students.
PRESIDENT BENIGNO SIMEON "NOYNOY" AQUINO 3

CONTRIBUTIONS AND
ACHIEVEMENTS:
 Is the 15th President of the
Philippines. In his administration, he
imposed many laws in many aspects
such as in political, economic ,socio-
cultural, education and
infrastructures.
 Benigno Aqujno 3 jojned the House of
Representative abd the Senate
before his presidency. He is first
president who is a bachelor; he is
unmarried and has no children.
 Created the no "wang-wang" (street
siren) policy
 Initiated K - 12 education in the
Philippines.
 Oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine
economy in 2012.
 Suspended allowances to Government
Owed and Ckntrolled Corporation and
Government Financial Institution board
members.
PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE
• Also known as Digong and Rody. He
is the 16th and the current President
of tge the Philippines, and tge furst
from Mindanao to hold the office.
• He is tge the oldest to assume
presidency, superseding Sergio
Osmeña and Fidel Ramos.
• Vowed to fight/ eradicate criminality
and drugs within 3-6 months

CONTRIBUTIONS,
ACHIEVEMENTS AND
LEGACIES:
• The Campaign against Illegal Drugs
• Taxes Reform Law
• Cutting Red Tape
• Breakup of some Oligarchies.
• The Free Tuition Law
• Aggressive Infrastructure Paln
• Sanctioning of Abusive Utilities.
• Savvy Fiscal Management
• Permanent Court of Arbitration awarded a
landmark victory to the Philippines.
INFLUENCES ON THE
CULTURE
IDEOLOGY
SPANISH, AMERICAN AND
JAPANESE
SPANISH
THE SPANISH COLONIZATION HAS RULED THE PHILIPPINES OVER 333 YEARS.
THE SPANISH BELIEFS, PRACTICES AND VALUES HAS BEEN INFLUENCED TO THE
PHILIPPINES AND ALSO TODAY'S GENERATION. THIS ARE THE IDEOLOGY OF
SPANISH THAT INFLUENCE TO THE PHILIPPINE CULTURE:

•CATHOLIC RELIGION
•MANANA HABIT OR FILIPINO TIME
CATHOLIC RELIGION
THE SPANISH COLONIZATION INTRODUCED THE CATHOLIC RELIGION. THE
MISSIONS SERVED AS A BASE FOR BOTH ADMINISTERING COLONIES AS WELL AS
SPREADING CHRISTIANITY AND BRING SALVATION TO THE SOULS OF THE
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES.
MANANA HABIT OR FILIPINO TIME
MANANA OR (TOMORROW) IS DELAYING ACTION OR PROCASTINATION. FILIPINO
TIME IS NOT PROFESSIONAL AND IT’S A BAD HABIT. THIS HABIT IS FROM SPANISH
INFLUENCED TO THE PHILIPPINES.
AMERICAN
THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION LAST IN PHILIPPINES OVER 48 YEARS. THE
AMERICAN COLONIZATION IMPROVED THE ECONOMY AND SYSTEM OF
GOVERNMENT, WHERE THE FILIPINOS HAD GREATER POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
AND MORE ECONOMIC GAINS. ALSO THE AMERICAN IDEOLOGY INFLUENCED THE
PHILIPPINES CULTURE SUCH AS:

• RELIGION FREEDOM
•FREE EDUCATION
RELIGION FREEDOM

THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION INTRODUCED THE RELIGION FREEDOM WHICH

YOU CAN FREELY CHOOSE A RELIGION OR PRACTICIES YOU BELIEVE. UP UNTIL
NOW THERE ARE LOTS OF RELIGION IN THE PHILIPPINES AND MOST OF IT IS
CATHOLIC CHRISTIANITY.
FREE EDUCATION
IN AMERICAN COLONIZATION THEY INTRODUCED THE FREE EDUCATION AND
SCHOOL SYTEM WHICH GIVE A LOT OF BENEFITS TO THE PHILIPPINES. THERE
ARE THREE LEVELS OF EDUCATION IN AMERICAN PERIOD WHICH IS
ELEMENTARY. HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
JAPANESE
THE JAPANESE COLONIZED THE PHILIPPINES OVER 3 YEARS. JAPANESE
CULTURE, BELIEFS AND VALUES INFLUENCED THE PHILLIPINES AND THE
FILIPINOS ARE USING THAT VALUES UNTIL NOW LIKE:

• TAKING OFF SHOES WHEN ENTERING ONE’S HOUSE

• USING PREFIXES WHEN TALKING TO ELDERLY PEOPLE
TAKING OFF SHOES WHEN ENTERING ONE’S
HOUSE
JAPANES AND PHILIPPINES ARE THE SAME WHEN ENTERING TO SOMEONE’S
HOUSE THEY TAKE OFF THEIR SHOES AS A SIGN OF RESPECT TO THE OWNER OF
THE HOUSE
USING PREFIXES WHEN TALKING TO
ELDERLY PEOPLE

THE PHILIPPINE WAS INFLUENCE OF USING PREFIXES WHEN TALKING TO ELDERLY

PEOPLE LIKE ATE, KUYA, OPO, PO AND ETC. BY THE JAPANESE COLONIZATION.
Politics
SPANISH :
-The Spaniards introduced Christianity (the Roman Catholic faith).
-also brought with it its culture and its cuisine. And the impact of the Spanish influence on local cuisine is very much evident
during religious feasts, especially at Christmas.
AMERICAN:

-The Philippines gains the Independence in American colonization.

-Education and the School System .

-America's greatest achievement in the Philippine was the introduction of the public school system.
-The American rule caused great marks of “colonial mentality” and the materialistic and individualistic ways among many Filipinos. 
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
-maintained peace and order -collected taxes
-built schools and other public works.
-Power, wealth and control were kept thru a system of elite titled Spanish aristocracy that ran the country with a few Filipinos
included into the ruling 'class'. The ruling class gained power and wealth thru land grants, positions, and titles from the King, and in
turn gave tribute an
JAPAN:
-Today, the most notable Japanese influence on Filipino culture has been in technology such as karaoke, videoke, cameras, etc.
-Japan continues to account for a majority of the country's foreign trade.
- A strict curfew was enforced
-Japanese currency was introduced
-Baranggays (neighborhood government systems) were cut in half
-A military government was implemented (as it was during a time of war)
LANGUAGE
EDUCATION
Spanish Influence
THE SPANISH INFLUENCE ON FILIPINO
CULTURE HAS BEEN PROFOUND, HAVING
ORIGINATED FROM THE SPANISH EAST INDIES.
A VARIETY OF ASPECTS OF THE CUSTOMS AND
TRADITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES TODAY CAN
BE TRACED BACK TO THIS INFLUENCE.
DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE
PHILIPPINES (1521–1898), THE DIFFERENT CULTURES OF THE
ARCHIPELAGO EXPERIENCED A GRADUAL UNIFICATION
FROM A VARIETY OF NATIVE ASIAN AND ISLAMIC
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS, INCLUDING ANIMIST
RELIGIOUS PRACTICES, TO WHAT IS KNOWN TODAY AS
FILIPINO CULTURE, A UNIQUE HYBRID OF SOUTHEAST
ASIAN AND WESTERN CULTURE, NAMELY SPANISH,
INCLUDING THE SPANISH LANGUAGE AND THE CATHOLIC
FAITH.
SPANISH EDUCATION PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THAT
TRANSFORMATION. THE OLDEST UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, AND
VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS, DATING AS FAR BACK AS THE LATE 16TH
CENTURY WERE CREATED DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD, AS WELL AS
THE FIRST MODERN PUBLIC EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ASIA, ESTABLISHED
IN 1863. BY THE TIME SPAIN WAS REPLACED BY THE UNITED STATES AS
THE COLONIAL POWER, FILIPINOS WERE AMONG THE MOST EDUCATED
PEOPLES IN ALL OF ASIA, BOASTING ONE OF THE HIGHEST LITERACY
RATES IN THAT CONTINENT. SIMULTANEOUSLY, THE KNOWLEDGE OF
FILIPINOS ABOUT NEIGHBORING CULTURES RECEDED.
THE PHILIPPINES HAS SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED ITS OWN LEGITIMACY
TO BE DECLARED AND RECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED NATIONS AS A STATE. IT HAS
PEOPLE WHO RECOGNIZE ITS STATE POLICIES AND CONSTITUTION AND ADHERE TO
THEM WHOLEHEARTEDLY. ON ITS ECONOMIC ASPECT, THE COUNTRY IS ENGAGING
IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES SUCH AS PARTICIPATING IN A FREE
TRADE MARKET SYSTEM BY BEING A MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST
ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) AND THE NEWLY ESTABLISHED CHINESE DEVELOPMENT
INSTITUTION CALLED THE ASIAN INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BANK (AIIB).

WHEN IT COMES TO CULTURE, THE PHILIPPINES IS AN OUTSTANDING ONE.

ITS CULTURES AND TRADITIONS ARE WIDELY PRACTICED AND EVEN PATRONIZED BY
NON-FILIPINOS. THE FILIPINOS SPEAK MANY LOCAL LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS.
THEY ALSO HAVE THEIR OWN CLOTHING, FORMS OF AMUSEMENT, EATING
TECHNIQUES AND MANY MORE THAT ARE DISTINCT ONLY TO THE FILIPINOS.
HOWEVER, THESE POSSESSIONS ARE NOT ORIGINAL TO THE FILIPINOS. THERE ARE
SOME WHICH ARE TOTALLY FILIPINO IN ORIGIN BUT CONTAIN FOREIGN ELEMENTS
OR A MIX BETWEEN OR AMONG CULTURES.
FILIPINO ETHNIC CULTURES WERE THEN MIXED WITH SPANISH
CULTURAL ELEMENTS. THEY BORROWED ALMOST OF WHAT
THE SPANIARDS DID HAVE. AS TIME PASSED BY, THESE WERE
NO LONGER SPANISH BUT RETAINED THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
BOTH FILIPINO AND SPANISH CULTURES. THESE MODERN
CULTURES, WHICH WERE SPANISH AND FILIPINO IN ORIGIN,
TODAY HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AS FILIPINO YET COLONIAL IN
FUNCTION AND IMPACT.
AMERICAN
INFLUENCE IN
PHILIPPINES
IN 1898, THE UNITED STATES DECLARED WAR ON SPAIN,
ULTIMATELY RESULTING IN WHAT IS CALLED THE TREATY OF
PARIS, IN WHICH THE SPANISH AGREED TO GIVE UP THE ISLANDS
OF THE PHILIPPINES IN EXCHANGE FOR $20,000,000.
DURING FIRST YEARS, THERE WERE SOME CONFLICTS
BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE PHILIPPINES. BUT DURING WORLD
WAR I, THEY CAME TOGETHER AND THE FILIPINOS FOUGHT
ALONGSIDE THE AMERICANS. AFTER WWI ENDED, THE U.S.
CONTINUED TO RULE OVER THE PHILIPPINES, AND GRADUALLY
THEIR RELATIONSHIP BECAME MUCH MORE FRIENDLY. 
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
When the United States took over
the Philippines, the people began to
be free to join whatever religion
they wanted. (During the Spanish
rule, the Catholic church was
established as the national religion
and was strongly enforced).
Because of this new found religious
freedom, there began to be many
different churches besides
Catholicism. Today, it’s remarkable
to see just how many different
Christian churches there are in the
Philippines – this religious diversity
has become a big part of the culture.
FREE EDUCATION

Americans introduced the idea of

free education to the Philippine
islands. The United States even
sent teachers to help establish
schools where the Filipino children
could have a free education. A
large group of these teachers were
called “Thomasites,” named after
the boat that they came on, called
Thomas.
CLOTHING
JAPANESE
INFLUENCE IN
PHILIPPINES
DURING WORLD WAR 2, THE JAPANESE TOOK THE
PHILIPPINES FROM THE CONTROL OF THE UNITED STATES. THIS
HAPPENED BETWEEN 1941 AND 1945, WHEN THE UNITED STATES
WAS ABLE TO TAKE BACK POSSESSION OF THE COUNTRY. AFTER
REGAINING POSSESSION, THE UNITED STATES RELINQUISHED ITS
CONTROL, FULFILLING ITS PROMISE OF GRANTING FULL
INDEPENDENCE TO THE PHILIPPINES.

BECAUSE THE JAPANESE WERE THERE FOR SUCH A SHORT PERIOD,

THEY DIDN’T LEAVE MUCH THAT WAS PERMANENTLY ADOPTED
INTO THE FILIPINO CULTURE. BUT THEY DEFINITELY DID CHANGE
THE WAY THINGS WERE DONE DURING THEIR TIME IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
HOW THINGS CHANGED DURING THE JAPANESE RULE
OVER THE PHILIPPINES:

• A STRICT CURFEW WAS ENFORCED

• Japanese currency was introduced
• A military government was
implemented (as it was during a time
of war)
FROM WHAT I’VE HEARD, THIS WASN’T A PARTICULARLY HAPPY
TIME. BUT JAPAN LEFT NO PERMANENT MARK ON THE FILIPINO WAY OF
LIFE.  ONCE THE JAPANESE LEFT, THE FILIPINOS REVERTED BACK TO LIFE
PRETTY MUCH THE WAY IT WAS BEFORE THEY HAD EVEN COME. IT WOULD
BE YEARS LATER BEFORE  THE JAPANESE WOULD START TO INFLUENCE
FILIPINO CULTURE. TODAY THEIR INFLUENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES IS QUITE
PREVALENT. BUT IT WASN’T SO BACK THEN. TODAY, THE MOST NOTABLE
JAPANESE INFLUENCE ON FILIPINO CULTURE HAS BEEN IN TECHNOLOGY –
SUCH AS KARAOKE, VIDEOKE, CAMERAS, ETC.
The Spanish friars introduced western painting in the Philippines to
Artisans who learned to copy on two-dimensional form from the
Religious icons.
The Spanish influence Filipino by sculpturing
doors, pulpits, and carroza.
Also Spaniards influence the visual artistic expression
of the Filipino, It
Is typically two-dimensional for decoration, writing,
or printing on flat
Surface.
Spanish inspired church
The American colonization brought a big influence in today’s art. Since
The introduction of the American music to the Filipino people, we are
Influenced by it because of its lively and upbeat music that most of the
Filipinos’ love. Thus, composers in the Philippines strive to compose and
Create Filipino songs that Filipino people would surely love. The Third
Republic establishes Cultural-center of the Philippines wherein they would
Perform music program, dances, and cultural performances.
On the other hand, Japanese influences on arts are basically about
anime
and manga.
THE END
Thankyou!