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    Protein Metabolism

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    Abdul Rehman
    Protein metabolism involves the synthesis and breakdown of proteins and amino acids. Protein synthesis includes transcription of DNA to mRNA, translation of mRNA to polypeptides, and post-translational modifications. Protein breakdown occurs through catabolism and digestion. Digestion begins with protein denaturation in the stomach through acid and pepsin. Further breakdown occurs in the small intestine through pancreatic enzymes and absorption of amino acids. Amino acids can then be used to build new proteins or generate energy through the Krebs cycle.

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    Protein Metabolism

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Rehman
    33 views18 pages
    Protein metabolism involves the synthesis and breakdown of proteins and amino acids. Protein synthesis includes transcription of DNA to mRNA, translation of mRNA to polypeptides, and post-translational modifications. Protein breakdown occurs through catabolism and digestion. Digestion begins with protein denaturation in the stomach through acid and pepsin. Further breakdown occurs in the small intestine through pancreatic enzymes and absorption of amino acids. Amino acids can then be used to build new proteins or generate energy through the Krebs cycle.

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    7. Protein Metabolism

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    Protein metabolism involves the synthesis and breakdown of proteins and amino acids. Protein synthesis includes transcription of DNA to mRNA, translation of mRNA to polypeptides, and post-translational modifications. Protein breakdown occurs through catabolism and digestion. Digestion begins with protein denaturation in the stomach through acid and pepsin. Further breakdown occurs in the small intestine through pancreatic enzymes and absorption of amino acids. Amino acids can then be used to build new proteins or generate energy through the Krebs cycle.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    33 views18 pages

    Protein Metabolism

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Rehman
    Protein metabolism involves the synthesis and breakdown of proteins and amino acids. Protein synthesis includes transcription of DNA to mRNA, translation of mRNA to polypeptides, and post-translational modifications. Protein breakdown occurs through catabolism and digestion. Digestion begins with protein denaturation in the stomach through acid and pepsin. Further breakdown occurs in the small intestine through pancreatic enzymes and absorption of amino acids. Amino acids can then be used to build new proteins or generate energy through the Krebs cycle.

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    PROTEIN METABOLISM

    PROTEIN METABOLISM DENOTES THE VARIOUS BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES


    RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
    (ANABOLISM), AND THE BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS BY CATABOLISM. THE
    STEPS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INCLUDE TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION,
    AND POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS.
    Protein anabolism
    Transcription
    POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION
    Changes in eukaryotic mRNA, tRNA or other RNAs made after transcription has
    been completed. Post-transcriptional modifications of RNA play an important role
    in a wide range of biological processes.
    In ribosomal RNA (rRNA), methylation of nucleotide bases is the predominant
    modification.
    Post-transcriptional modifications of pre-mRNA, such as capping, splicing,
    and polyadenylation, take place in the nucleus. After these modifications have
    been completed, the mature mRNA molecules have to be translocated into the
    cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs. 
    Post Transcriptional processing in tRNA processing steps include removal of
    transcribed leader and trailer sequences, addition of CCA to the 3′ mature sequence.
    MRNA POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL
    MODIFICATIONS
    1. 5’ Cap
    2. Splicing
    3. 3’ Polyadenylation
    Translation
    Translation involves “decoding” a messenger RNA (mRNA)
    and using its information to build a polypeptide, or chain of
    amino acids.
    Translation

    • Initiation ("beginning"): in
    this stage, the ribosome
    gets together with the
    mRNA and the first tRNA
    so translation can begin.
    TRANSLATION
    •Elongation ("middle"):
    in this stage, amino acids
    are brought to the
    ribosome by tRNAs and
    linked together to form a
    chain.
    •Termination ("end"): in
    the last stage, the finished
    polypeptide is released to
    go and do its job in the
    cell.
    TRANSLATION

    •Termination ("end"): in
    the last stage, the finished
    polypeptide is released to
    go and do its job in the
    cell.
    POST TRANSLATIONAL
    MODIFICATIONS
    PROTEIN TARGETING 
    Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are
    transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell.

    Targeting signals that direct polypeptides synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes to chloroplasts,


    mitochondria, and peroxisomes
    The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach. When protein-rich
    foods enter the stomach, they are greeted by a mixture of the enzyme pepsin and
    hydrochloric acid (HCl; 0.5 percent).
    The latter produces an environmental pH of 1.5–3.5 that denatures proteins within food.
    Pepsin cuts proteins into smaller polypeptides and their constituent amino acids.
    When the food-gastric juice mixture (chyme) enters the small intestine,
    the pancreas releases sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the HCl. This helps to protect the
    lining of the intestine.
    The small intestine also releases digestive hormones, including secretin and CCK, which
    stimulate digestive processes to break down the proteins further.
    Secretin also stimulates the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate. The pancreas
    releases most of the digestive enzymes, including the proteases trypsin, chymotrypsin,
    carboxypeptidase, and elastase, which aid protein digestion.
    Together, all of these enzymes break complex proteins into smaller individual amino acids
    which are then transported across the intestinal mucosa to be used to create new
    proteins, or to be converted into fats or acetyl CoA and used in the Krebs cycle.
    Amino acids can also be used as a source of energy,
    especially in times of starvation. Because the
    processing of amino acids results in the creation of
    metabolic intermediates, including pyruvate, acetyl
    CoA, acetoacyl CoA, oxaloacetate, and α-
    ketoglutarate, amino acids can serve as a source of
    energy production through the Krebs cycle.

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