THEORY ANALYSIS AND

EVALUATION

Dewi Elizadiani Suza, SKp,MNS, PhD

Analysis of the Concept

• Step 1: Origins of the Nursing Model

• Step 2: Unique Focus of the Nursing Model
• Step 3: Content of the Nursing Model
Analysis of the Conceptual Model

Analysis is an objective breakdown of

statements into component elements

To identify To identify To identify any concepts

relationships relative hierarchy
between concepts of ideas contained
in the conceptual
model between
concepts
Origins of the Nursing Model
• The first step in the analysis of conceptual
models of nursing is examination of four
aspects of its origins (Fawccet)
• The historical evolution of the conceptual
models is described, and the author’s
motivation for developing the conceptual
model is explicated
Questions should be asked when
analysis origins of the conceptual model

• What is the historical evolution of the nursing model

• What motivated development of the nursing model?
• On what philosophical beliefs and values about
nursing is the nursing model based?
• What strategies for knowledge development were
used to formulate the nursing model?
Questions should be asked when
analysis origins of the conceptual
model

• What scholars influenced the model

author’s thinking?
• What world view is reflected in the
nursing model?
Example Model of Johnson
• Model of Johnson over period of 20years. Beginning
in early 1940, as she developed baccalaureate
nursing course she motivated to ask several
question
• What is explicit, ideal goal of nursing? historical
approach led her to accept from Nightingales
nursing traditional concern with person who is ill,
rather than with person disease
• Focus on basic human need of person and concern
for relationship between person and environment
the author’s philosophical claims
about nursing and the knowledge
development strategies used to
formulate the conceptual models
are examined

Johnson underlying behavioral system model

in the form of beliefs, assumptions and value
system
What scholars influenced the model author’s thinking?

Starting with Nightingale, Johnson

acknowledged the influence of many scholars
on development of behavioral system model.
Johnson went to explain that Nightingale work
“ provide direction to her “thinking”.
What worldview is reflected in
the conceptual model?

Reciprocal interaction worldview also is

reflected in Johnson description of the
person as actively seeking new experience
Unique Focus of the Nursing
Model

The second step in the analysis of a

conceptual model of nursing is examination
of its unique focus and its content
Questions should be asked when
analysis unique focus of the
nursing model
• What is the unique focus of the conceptual
model?
• Example : the unique focus of the behavioral
system model is the person as behavioral system.
“ Person is primary component of this nursing
model”
Content of the Nursing Model

The content of a nursing model is

presented in the form of abstract and
general concepts and propositions
Questions should be asked when
analysis content of the nursing
model
• How is person defined and described
• How is environment defined and described
• How is nursing defined
• How is health defined? How are wellness and illness
differentiated
• What is the goal of nursing
• How is nursing practice described
• What statements are made about the relations among the
four metaparadigm concepts
Evaluation of Conceptual Models
• Step 1 : Explication of Origins
• Step 2 : Comprehensiveness of Content
• Step 3 : Logical Congruence
• Step 4 : Generation of Theory
• Step 5 : Credibility of the Nursing Model
• Step 6 : Contributions to the Discipline of
Nursing
Evaluation of Conceptual Models
The evaluation, in contrast of analysis of
conceptual model requires judgments to be made
about the conceptual model with regard to the
extent to which it satisfies specific external criteria
The evaluation is based on the results of the
analysis, as well as on a review of previously
published critiques, research reports, and reports
of the application of the conceptual model in
nursing education, administration and practice
Explication of Origins
Identification of the author’s beliefs and
values yields information about the
philosophical foundations of the model and
helps identify special points of emphasis in
the view of nursing puth forth by he nursing
model
Questions should be asked when
evaluating explication of origins
• Are the philosophical claims on which the
nursing model
• Are the scholars who influenced the model
author’s thinking acknowledged and are
bibliographic cititions given
Johnson explicated the origins of the
Behavioral System Model clearly and concisely

Her philosophical claims in the form of beliefs

about the profession of nursing, assumptions and
value system
Acknowledge other scholars She was especially
informative with regard to the influence of
Nightingale's work and general system theory on
the development of the Behavioral system model
Comprehensiveness of Content

The second step of evaluation deals with the

comprehensiveness of the content of the
model, with emphasis placed on the depth
and breadth of the content
The criterion for the breadth of the content of
the conceptual model requires that it is

Sufficiently broad in scope to provide guidance

in clinical situations of normalcy, risk, crisis,
and morbidity, as a basis for research,
education, and administration
Questions should be asked when
evaluating comprehensiveness of
content
• ls the researcher given sufficient direction about
what questions to ask and what methodology to
use?
• Does the educator have sufficient guidelines to
construct a curriculum?
• Does the administrator have sufficient guidelines
to organize and deliver nursing services?
Logical Congruence

Evaluated through the intellectual process of

critical reasoning, which “highlights strength
and explores problem inherent in a line of
reasoning
Questions should be asked when
evaluating logical congruence

• Does the model reflect more than one

contrasting worldview?
• Does the model reflect characteristics of more
than one category of nursing knowledge?
• Do the components of the model reflect
logical translation/reformulation of diverse
perspectives
Logical Congruence

Content of model clearly flow from Johnson

philosophical claim and it reflects reciprocal
interaction worldview
Generation of Theory
The evaluation of a nursing model reflects
the relation between a more abstract and
general conceptual model and a more
concrete and specific theory
Questions should be asked when
evaluating generation of theory
What theories have been generated from
the nursing model
The ultimate aim of credibility
determination is to ascertain which
conceptual models are appropriate for
use in

Social utility
Social congruence
Social significance

Credibility of the Nursing Model

Social utility

Addresses the special education required to

apply the conceptual model; the feasibility of
implementing the conceptual model in
nursing practice; and the extent to which the
conceptual model is actually used to guide
nursing research, education, administration,
and practice
Social Utility

Claimed that the behavioral system model “has already

proved its utilty in providing clear direction for
practice, education, and research
The question to be asked when evaluating
the social utility of a conceptual model

Are education and skill training required prior

to application of the conceptual model in
nursing practice?
Social congruence
Compatibility of conceptual model-based
nursing activities with the expectations of
the patient, the community, and the health
care system for nursing practice
Social congruence

• The Johnson Model has provided nurses

with a framework not only to describe
phenomena but also to explain, predict
and control clinical phenomena for the
purpose of achieving desired patient out
comes
Johnson and Grubbs, (1990), who reported a
statistically significant increase in both cancer
patients’ and nurses’ satisfaction with nursing
process, including the comprehensiveness of
assessment, the interventions, and the
effectiveness of outcomes, according to the
Behavioral System Model compared with
routine clinical assessment
Social significance

the criterion of social significance requires a

judgment to be made with regard to the
social value of the conceptual model, with
emphasis placed on the effect of use of a
conceptual model on patients’ health status.
Social significance of a conceptual model can
be determined by informal and formal
methods
• Poster (1989) provided initial empirical
evidence of the social significance of the
Behavioral System Model. Using the Patient
Classification Instrument developed by Auger
and Dee (1983), she found that 90 percent of
the 38 adolescent psychiatric inpatients
studied had an adaptive change in at least one
behavioral category after I week of Behavioral
System Model based nursing care
Contributions to the Discipline of
Nursing

The judgment is made following a thorough

review of all of the literature dealing with
the conceptual model
Contributions to the Discipline of
Nursing

Judgments should not be made on the basis of

the comparison of one conceptual model
with another. Each conceptual model should
be judged on its own merits and in accord
with its own philosophical claims.
The expectation is that the conceptual model
enhances understanding of phenomena of
interest to nursing
Questions should be asked when
evaluating contributions to the
discipline of nursing

what is the overall contribution of the

conceptual model to the discipline of nursing?
Johnson behavioral model system
• The model offers a reasonably precise and
limited ideal goal for nursing by stating the end
product desired.
• The model directs our attention to those aspect
of the patient, in all his complex reality.
• It offers a focus for intervention and suggests
the major modes of intervention which will be
required
Pedoman Analisis dan Evaluasi
Teori
Analysis dan evaluasi teori berdasarkan kriteria
Fawcett:
1. Apakah antecendent (sesuatu yang mendahului)
pengetahuan dari keperawatan dan adjunctive
(tambahan) disiplin yang digunakan dalam
pengembangan teori?
2. Apakah teori di jelaskan dengan baik? Apakah ruang
lingkup teori?
3. Gambarkan konsep dan proposisi dari teori tersebut?

4. Apakah s philosophical claims yang menjadi dasar

dari teori tersebut? Apakah mereka menjelaskan secara
Pedoman Analisis dan Evaluasi
Teori
5. Adakah internal consistency dari teori tersebut telah
dibahas dalam kaitannya dengan kejelasan konsep,
konsistensi bahasa, dan konsistensi struktur dari teori
tersebut?
6. Adakah parsimony dari teori tersebut?
7. Adakah memiliki testability teori dalam kaitannya
dengan observability dan terukurnya konsep?
8. Adakah empirical adequacy telah dibahas dalam
kaitannya dengan kesesuaian dengan empirical evidence?
9. Adakah kecukupan pragmatis dari teori untuk praktek
klinis telah dibahas?