Lesson 2.2 Quantitative Data-Collection Techniques

Learning Targets

 I can describe sampling procedure and sample

 I can identify different sampling and data-collection
techniques
 I can describe intervention (if applicable)
 I can determine the appropriate data-collection technique
and instrument for my research study
Sampling Techniques
Sample
 a representative
of the
population
Population
 group of
interest to the
researcher
Sampling Techniques
Probability Non-Probability
Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling

• All individuals in the

defined population have an
equal and independent
chance of being selected.
• Example:
Selecting participants from
Grade 12 SHS Students.
Sampling Techniques
2. Stratified Sampling
• Subgroups (strata) of the

population will be selected.
• Example
Selecting Students from
Grade 7 - 10
Sampling Techniques
3. Cluster Sampling
• Groups, not individuals

are randomly selected
• Example
Selecting Students who are
Research enthusiasts
Sampling Techniques
4. Systematic Sampling
• Individuals are
selected from the a
list taking every nth
number in the list
• Example
Selecting Students who
has even class number
Non Probability Sampling Techniques
1. Snowball Sampling
• Purely based on
referrals
• Chain referral
sampling method
2. Convenience Sampling
• Members that are

readily available or
easy to reach are
selected
3. Purposive Sampling
• Selection of
participations based
on specific criteria
4. Quota Sampling
• The use of quota if

not all members of
the population can
be used
Reflect Upon
Among the types of sampling techniques presented,

which would you use? Justify your answer.
How to Determine Population and Survey Samples
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=sample+size+table&tbm=isch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiatfW9q-
_sAhXUwosBHVlbAbIQrNwCKAF6BQgBENoB&biw=1285&bih=626#imgrc=AXxWkDPB8fmU1M
Quantitative Data
 Measurable, numerical or related to metric system

 Sensory experiences such as age, shape, speed,
amount, weight, height, number, positions and the
like
 Discrete data (whole number)
 Continuous data (decimals)
 Become useful if they give answers to your research
questions
Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data
Observation
 Use of sense organs

 People, things, events by watching and listening
 Results of counting and measurement
 Direct observation – seeing, touching and hearing
 Indirect observation – use of electronic devices
Can you give a study which observation can be used?

Survey
 Questionnaire
- paper containing series of questions
- factual (multiple choice) and opinionated
questions (space for answer)
- good for big number of respondents situated in
different places
What could be the pros and cons of a survey?
Interview
 Makes you ask a set of questions, orally (traditional)
 Use of modern electronic device (audio tapes)
 Opening Questions – friendly relationship

 Generative Question – open-ended questions
 Directive Question – close-ended questions
 Ending Question - feedbacking from respondents
Guidelines in Formulating Interview Questions
a. Use clear and simple language
b. Avoid jargons, acronyms, highfalutin words
c. No double-barrel question
d. Express point in exact, specific, bias-free and gender
free language
e. Let the respondents identified themselves
f. Continuity or free flow of respondent’s thoughts using
follow up questions
g. Follow sequential manner
Experiment
 Scientific method
 Treatment or condition or Intervention
 Evaluate the results
 Find how treatment affects the subject and the reasons of
its effect on the subject
 Aims at manipulating or controlling conditions
 Determine how much condition or treatment operates or
functions to yield a certain outcome
Content Analysis
 Oral or written forms of communication

 Analyzing information coming from photographs,
films, video tapes, paintings, drawings
 Comparative features
 Requires thorough understanding of the research
questions
 Clear focus to find the answers to the main problem
Data-Collection Technique Data-Collection Instrument
1. Observation  Checklist, observation
sheets, recording devices,
notebook
2. Survey  Questionnaire, Interview
Questions
3. Experiment  Observation guides,
questionnaire, Intervention
4. Content Analysis  Oral and written documents,
photographs, maps
Measurement Scale for Quantitative Data
1. Nominal Scale
- categorizing people based on gender, religion,
position, etc.
gender – male, female
religion – Catholic, Buddhist, Prostestant, Muslim
position – CEO, vice president, director, manager,
assistant manager
- you can express in terms of percentages

 Measurements of data are expressed in numerical
forms form in a scale or one that consists series of
graduated quantities, values, degrees, numbers and so
on.
 It is important to identify the type and scale of
measurement to use in use in your research because it
will tell you the type of statistical analysis to use in your
study.
2. Ordinal Scale
- ranking or arranging the classified variables to

determine who should be the 1st, 2nd , 3rd, 4th etc. in the
group
- ranking from 1-10 the things you prioritize in life

3. Interval Scale
- showing equal intervals or differences of people’s views

or attitudes like this one example of a scale Likert Attitude
Scale
Reading is Important
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree

4. Ratio Scale
- rating something from zero to a certain point
Example: Performance in Math Subject – a grade of 89%

(from 0 to 100%)
Reflect Upon
What specific data-gathering technique would you

use for your study? Elaborate?

Lesson 2.2 Quantitative Data-Collection Techniques

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Learning Targets

 I can describe sampling procedure and sample

• All individuals in the

• Subgroups (strata) of the

• Groups, not individuals

• Members that are

• The use of quota if

Among the types of sampling techniques presented,

 Measurable, numerical or related to metric system

 Use of sense organs

Can you give a study which observation can be used?

 Opening Questions – friendly relationship

 Oral or written forms of communication

- you can express in terms of percentages

- ranking or arranging the classified variables to

- ranking from 1-10 the things you prioritize in life

- showing equal intervals or differences of people’s views

Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree

- rating something from zero to a certain point

Example: Performance in Math Subject – a grade of 89%

What specific data-gathering technique would you

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