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3 - Knowing The Truth

The document discusses different types and domains of truth. It defines truth as a property that makes a statement either true or false. There are objective, social, and personal domains of truth. Statements, beliefs, and sentences can be bearers of truth. Different types of truth include empirical vs rational, synthetic vs analytic, contingent vs necessary, private vs public, subjective vs objective, universal vs relative, certain vs probable, and disciplinary truths.

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Jhelynne G.
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437 views

3 - Knowing The Truth

The document discusses different types and domains of truth. It defines truth as a property that makes a statement either true or false. There are objective, social, and personal domains of truth. Statements, beliefs, and sentences can be bearers of truth. Different types of truth include empirical vs rational, synthetic vs analytic, contingent vs necessary, private vs public, subjective vs objective, universal vs relative, certain vs probable, and disciplinary truths.

Uploaded by

Jhelynne G.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KNOWING THE TRUTH

PHILO
One of the essential traits of
a wise person is that he is
aware of his ignorance.
This means that he knows
when he knows and when
he does not know.
What is that we know
or we do not know?

The truth.
What is
truth?
How do we
know it?
When can we say
that we know the
truth?
What are the ways
by which we can
know the truth?
The first thing that we need to understand
about truth is that it is a kind of property
whose opposite is falsity. Something that is
said to be true, which we express as “the
truth” or “a truth”.

Examples:
Jose speaks the truth.
The truth hurts.
First love never dies.
Domains of Truth

● Objective domain
● Social domain
● Pe4rsonal domain
Bearers of truth

•Beliefs
•Statements
•Sentences
1. Statement or proposition

• refers to a linguistic expression whose


function is to advance a claim about the
world
examples;
things or events, about relations of
ideas
Characteristics of Statement or proposition

• usually expressed by declarative sentences and


used in their normal way to describe things.
It is not a statement if:
a. declarative statement is a command
b. a question, if it used to express a claim is a
statement.
Characteristics of Statement or proposition

• Statements are truth-bearers because they make


claims, either in terms of describing the world or
asserting relations of ideas.

• Statements are the linguistic expressions of our


claims.
Statement or proposition

Examples:
The table is brown.
Two and two are four.
2. Beliefs

• are the mental expressions of our


claims.
example:
Humans are mortal.
Two and two are four.
Sometimes it is said that statements
are expressions of beliefs, which
makes beliefs as more basic than
statements, but we can determine the
truth of a statement without associating it
with a belief.
Sentences

Sentences are bearers of truth only:


❑ when they function as statements

❑ statements and beliefs can be treated


independently when determining their truth
Truth and a Fact

Fact is something that occurs in the world, and


it is what makes a certain statement true.

example:
There is a cow in the rice field.
Is it true that there is a cow in the rice field?
Kinds of Truth

1. Empirical vs. 5. Objective vs.


Rational Subjective
2. Synthetic vs. 6. Universal vs.
Analytic Relative
3. Contingent vs. 7. Certain vs.
Necessary Probable
4. Private vs. Public 8. Disciplinal truths
Empirical truth
--- is established by means of sense of
experience
--- is technically described as a
posteriori which means that it can be
known after some relevant experience.
Example:
It is raining.
Rational truth
--- is established by means of reason
--- is technically described as a priori
which means that it can be known before
some relevant experience.
Example:
Five and five are ten.
Synthetic truth
--- extends our knowledge
--- all empirical truths
Example:
The table is brown.
Analytic truth
--- there is no extension of knowledge
--- all rational truths
--- definition and identity statements
Example:
The square has four sides.
A bachelor is unmarried male.
Contingent truth
--- is not true in all possible situations
--- not always true
--- empirical truths
Example:
The mango is sweet.
The flower is red.
Necessary truth
--- is true in all possible situations
--- always true
--- rational truths
Example:
A triangle has three sides.
Private truth
--- can only be known by the person who
has the belief or makes the statement
considered to be true
--- the truth of psychological statement or
about one’s own mental states

Example:
feeling of great pain
Public truth
--- in principle (the occurrence or presence of
the necessary conditions) be known by
everyone
--- empirical and rational truths
Example:
my skin is cut and bleeding
Subjective truth
--- is dependent on the attitudes,
preferences or interests of a person
or group of persons
--- value judgments
Example:
Rock music is the best kind of music.
Objective truth
--- not dependent on attitudes, interests
or preferences
--- factual judgments
Example:
Rock music is one of the major kinds
of music.
Universal truth
--- acknowledge by everyone
--- objective truths
Example:
Rock music is one of the major
musical genre or category.
Relative truth
--- acknowledge only by some people
--- subjective truths
Example:
French is the most beautiful language
in the world.
Certain truth
--- the truth arrived at through the
process of deductive reasoning
--- necessary truths
Example:
All humans are mortal.
Pedro is mortal. (deductive)
Pedro is human. (certain)
Probable truth
--- the truth arrived at through the
process of inductive reasoning
Example:
Most Filipinos are hospitable.
Juan is hospitable. (inductive)
Juan is a Filipino. (probable)
Disciplinal truths
--- this gives rise to a number of kinds of
truth in different areas of study
Example:
religious truth
scientific truth
psychological truth
economic truth

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