Locating a Thermal Power

Plant

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 1

Site Selection
• Defining types and sizes of power plant: depends on type of fuel and its delivery method,
capacity anticipated in next 5-7 years, area for fuel storage, cooling towers, switchyards,
space needs for store yards, workshops etc, other factors to be considered are :
• Land & Geology
• Water for Power Stations
• Coal for Power Station
• Transport
• Disposal of Effluents
• Transmission
• Climatic Conditions
• Proximity of Airfields
• Fisheries and Marine Life
• Personnel Requirement
• Amenities

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 2

SITE SELECTION AND
INVESTIGATIONS

THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A POWER STATION

ARE :
• SUPPLY OF FUEL AT A COMPETITIVE COST
• LOAD CENTRE FOR TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY
• A LABOUR FORCE OF THE SIZE AND QUALITY
REQUIRED
• MEANS OF DISPOSAL OF POWER HOUSE EFFLUENTS
OR BY-PRODUCTS SUCH AS FLY ASH & BOTTOM ASH
• LAND, WATER & POWER FOR CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 3

TECHNICAL SITE REQUIREMENTS FOR
COAL- BASED TPS
• COAL DELIVERY BY ECONOMIC MEANS.
• COOLING WATER FOR
A) DIRECT COOLING WATER SYSTEM-once through system
B) COOLING TOWER SYSTEM re-circulation system

• LAND FOR
A) MAIN PLANT INCLUDING BALANCE OF PLANT
B) DISPOSAL OF ASH.
C) COLONY FOR POWER STATION PERSONNEL.

• GEOLOGY – GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES FOR GROUND

WHICH IS ABLE TO SUPPORT HEAVY LOADS.

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 4

ACCESS TO SITE
A) FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (ROAD, RAIL OR SEA
ACCESS)
B) FOR TRANSPORT OF HEAVY LOADS – ROAD OR SEA
ACCESS.

• FLY ASH DISPOSAL

A) FLY ASH IN DRY FORM
B) FLY ASH & BOTTOM ASH IN WET FORM

• TRANSMISSION OF POWER – MEANS OF POWER

EVACUATION

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 5

Siting of a New Project

Basic Inputs :-
• Land
• Water
• Fuel

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 6

BASIC INPUTS

LAND
• Location & Approach
• Requirement
• Site Specific Data
• Siting Criteria of MOEF
• Land Use Plan
• Land cost
December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 7
Land requirement For Main Plant
• Boiler Size- Coal characteristics • Distance to be kept between the
• Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) units
size- ash content in coal and • Exhaust ducting layout for
emission levels allowed multiple units
• Number and arrangement of • Flexibility of Maintenance and
Coal Mills-calorific value Future Expansion
• Arrangement and size of • Environmental Aspects:GLC
Maintenance bay limits of SO2, NO2, CO, Lead &
SPM

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 8

Coal Handling System
• Type of coal unloading
• Merry-Go-Round (MGR) system
• Wagon Tippler Type System • The storage requirement
• Crusher House -15 days in case of pit head
• Marshalling yard/ Railway stations
siding - 20 acres extra • Redundancies
• Pit head station more area -
Loop formation, Bottom
discharge wagons, Marshalling
yard requirements are less

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 9

Raw Water Reservoir
• Source of water for the station
• Type of cooling system adopted
• Quality of raw water available
– Sea water for direct cooling - 7 degree temperature rise
• Power plants using river water, once through cooling system is not
permitted
– Space for natural draft or induced draft cooling towers
• If the source of water is not available during certain periods of the year,
then the storage reservoir has to be kept, depth between 4 to 8 metres.
• Reservoir capacity is kept for even upto 30 days of water consumption.

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 10

Water System
• Pre- treatment and clarification plant
• Water treatment plant
• Circulating water system with cooling towers
• Effluent treatment system
• natural draught type of cooling
• Natural Draft Cooling Towers (NDCT) require large area whereas the
induced draught type of cooling towers (IDCT) need relatively less .
• Use of natural draft cooling towers recommended to reduce auxiliary
consumption.

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 11

Switchyard
• Type of arrangement of bays- either a 1½ breaker system or a 2 main bus + 1 transfer
bus system.
• Number of line bays necessary to evacuate the power from the generating
station.
• Necessary to restrict the width of the switchyard to that of the main plant
• Recommended depth is 350 meters for 400 kV and 500 meters for 765 kV

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 12

Ash Handling System
• Ash handling plant consists of bottom ash & fly ash collection and disposal
systems.
• Fly ash evacuation is done using dry and wet systems
• Bottom ash and air preheater ash is generally evacuated in wet mode.
• MOE&F in their notification dated 19th July, 1999 had specified that the fly
ash utilization has to be 100% from 10th year of commissioning of the plant.
• Laying of dry ash pipelines/ash slurry pipe lines, compressor rooms ash
slurry pump house, silos etc. need space due to the large quantity of ash to
be handled.

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 13

F.G.D. System
• Necessary to capture the sulphur in the flue gas when the boiler
is fired with high sulphur coal
• High percentage of sulphur is observed in imported coal.
Indigenous coal has very low sulphur and FGD system is not
warranted.
• Two types of FGD system - Limestone based & Sea Water based
• Space is required for FGD system equipments and for the
storage of limestone, a byproduct.

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 14

Miscellaneous Station Facilities

• Administrative Building • Hydrogen generation plant

• Service Building • DG set room
• Compressor house • Auxiliary boiler building
• Fire water tanks
• Fire station • Workshop
• Fire water pump house • Canteen
• Laboratories • Security office building

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 15

Laydown, Steel Storage yard and
Preassembly Yard
• Laydown area is necessary for keeping/storing equipments to be erected or to be repaired.
• Steel storage yard and preassembly yard are required for storing and assembling of plant and
equipments
• Coal handling area can also be used for preassembly activities during the initial stages
• Space being kept initially for the laydown & pre-assembly will be later converted into green belt.
• Space for the steel storage yard will be kept as 10 acres uniformly irrespective of the station capacity

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 16

Permanent Store and Construction
Store
• Provided for storing of materials, spares, consumables
etc. required during the operation and maintenance

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 17

Roads
• Following Types:
• All main plant roads shall be 10 metre wide.
• All secondary plant roads shall be 5 metre wide provided with 1.5 metre wide
hard shoulders on either side and shall be for access to plant auxiliary areas and
buildings.
• Peripheral roads along the boundary wall shall have adequate nos. of watch
towers as per requirement.
• Provide access to all the units of the generating station from the site boundary line and
throughout the site to buildings and activity areas.
• Land requirement for the roads along the boundary of the power station
• Land for roads inside the plant area are already considered while arriving at the land
requirement for the main plant and other auxiliary plant areas.

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 18

Land Scaping & Green Belt
• Landscaping and ground cover system is meant to enhance the
appearance of selected areas, enhance soil and slope stabilization
of the land of the generating station, and assist in reducing the
noise level and fugitive dust generated by the plant.
• Land scaping is generally adopted for power station premises from
the main gate to the service/administrative building.
• As per the stipulations of MOE&F, green belt is to be provided all
around the power station boundary by planting trees and the total
green area including landscaping area will be 1/3 rd of the plant area.

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 19

Maximum Land Requirement
for Ash Dyke
• Land requirement for ash disposal depends on the capacity of
the power station, ash content in the coal and also on the ash
utilization in the area where the plant is located.
• MOE&F had specified that the fly ash utilization has to be
100% from 10th year of commissioning of the plant.
• Since the power stations have no control over the agencies in
the field of fly ash utilization, the task of 100% fly ash
utilization is difficult in most of the cases.

However, there is a considerable scope for reducing the land requirement for
ash dyke8,by
December maximum utilization of Fly
2021 Ash as
PMI Revision 00 well as bottom ash. 20
Criteria for land requirement
for the ash dyke

• PLF - 90%
• Ash content in coal - 40% for units upto 660 MW/ 34% for 800 MW
units based on Indian coal and 10% ash in imported coal
• Height of ash dyke -18 metre (In stages) for pit head/load centre
projects and 15metre for coastal projects
• Ash dyke shall be sufficient for 25 years of plant operation
• Bottom ash will be fully discharged into the dyke for 25 years of
plant operation.
• Fly ash will be discharged starting with 10% utilization in the first
year and 100 % utilization during the 10th year.
• Density of ash in dyke - 1 T/m3
• Unit Heat Rate - 2250 kCal/kWh. for 660/800 MW units
• Calorific value of coal - 3600 kCal/kg for Indian coal and 6000
kCal /kg for imported coal
December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 21
Township
• Township requirement depends on the manpower employed
• Depends on the capacity of the station
• Township for station upto 2000 MW capacity shall be kept as 100
acres and for stations beyond 2000 MW capacity 150 acres.
• Further optimize the land required for the township by adopting
multi-storey type residential accommodation
• Minimizing the land required for other facilities such as school,
hospital, recreation club etc.

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 22

SUMMARY OF TOTAL LAND REQUIREMENT
FOR INDIGENOUS COAL BASED STATIONS

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 23

BASIC INPUTS

WATER
• Source
• Requirement
• Quality Parameters
• Drawl point

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 24

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 25
December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 26
BASIC INPUTS

FUEL
• Fuel source
• Quality Parameters
• Requirement
• Fuel Transportation
• Cost
December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 27
Grades of Non coking coal
Grade Useful Heat Value (UHV) Corresponding Gross Calorific Value GCV
(Kcal/Kg) Ash% + Moisture % (Kcal/ Kg)
UHV= 8900-138(A+M) at (60% RH & 40O C) (at 5% moisture level)

A Exceeding 6200 Not exceeding 19.5 Exceeding 6454

B Exceeding 5600 but not 19.6 to 23.8 Exceeding 6049 but not
exceeding 6200 exceeding 6454
C Exceeding 4940 but not 23.9 to 28.6 Exceeding 5597 but not
exceeding 5600 exceeding. 6049
D Exceeding 4200 but not 28.7 to 34.0 Exceeding 5089 but not
exceeding 4940 Exceeding 5597
E Exceeding 3360 but not 34.1 to 40.0 Exceeding 4324 but not
exceeding 4200 exceeding 5089
F Exceeding 2400 but not 40.1 to 47.0 Exceeding 3865 but not
exceeding 3360 exceeding. 4324
G Exceeding 1300 but not 47.1 to 55.0 Exceeding 3113 but not
exceeding 2400 exceeding 3865
December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 28
Coal Price
Basic Price of Run of Mine Non-Long-Flame Non-Coking Coal
(In Rupees/ Tonne)
Field/ Co. A B C D E F G
ECL(for
1490 1340 1120 900 680 530 370
8 units vide Annex I
I)
ECL/ Mugma(for
1710 1520 1300 1080 860 640 420
16 units vide Annex
IV)
ECL/ Rajmahal - - - - 890 760 610
BCCL 1440 1310 1090 900 720 570 410
CCL 1470 1330 1110 910 720 570 410
NCL 1350 1220 1000 840 670 530 390
SECL 1190 1110 950 800 660 520 390
MCL 1160 1030 860 720 560 440 320

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 29

Statutory Clearances/
Commitments

• Site Clearance from MOEF (pithead)

• Land Commitment (State Govt.)
• Water Commitment (State Govt.)
• Fuel Commitment (SLC)
• Fuel Transportation Clearance (Min. of
Railways)
• Defence Clearance (Min. of Defence)

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 30

Statutory Clearances/
Commitments Applicable For A
Typical New Project

• Associated Transmission System (ATS) Clearance

• NOC from Airports Authority of India
• Minutes of Public Hearing from SPCB
• Concurrence of Central Water Commission/ MOWR
on Water Availability
• Environmental Clearance from Ministry of Env. and
Forests

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 31

FEASIBILITY REPORT-
CONTENTS
• Executive Summary
• Introduction
• Demand Analysis and Justification
• Feasibility Studies
• Layout Systems
• Civil Works
• Mechanical Systems
• Electrical Systems
• Control & Instrumentation Systems

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 32

SCOPE FOR FEASIBILITY
STUDY

It provides a base to justify the investments for a project (

power) considering different options.

•Technology
•Economic
•Commercial

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 33

INPUTS

 Defined Capacity
 Selected location
 Type of Plant
 Fuel availability

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 34

OUTPUTS
• An optimised solution for
• Site Arrangement
• Configuration
• Selection of Engg. Equipment systems
• Manpower requirement
• Profit /loss
• Operating pattern

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 35

FEASIBILITY REPORT-
CONTENTS
• Environmental Aspects
• Technical Data & Bill of Quantity
• Cost Estimate & Financial Analysis
• Project Implementation
• Manpower training & Placement
• Operation & Maintenance Philosophy
• Marketing Philosophy
• List of Annexure
• List of Exhibits
December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 36
STAGES OF PLANNING

CONSTRUCTION STAGE
INVESTMENT DECISION
STATUTORY CLEARANCES
EVALUATION & APPRAISAL ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNO ECONOMIC
COST ESTIMATE
FEASIBILITY REPORT/ OTHER INPUTS
DETAILED PROJ REPORT CIVIL, MECH, ELECT & C&I INPUTS
BASIC ENGG
SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES/INVESTIGATIONS
PROJECT SITE SELECTION/PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDIES
FEASIBLITY

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 37

Thermal Power Plant : Emission Standards

Generation Capacity Pollutant Emission limit

Generation capacity 210 MW or more Particulate matter 150 mg/Nm3

Generation capacity less than 210 MW Particulate matter 300 mg/Nm3

•Depending upon the requirement of local situation, such as protected area, the
State Pollution Control Boards and other implementing agencies
•under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, may prescribe a limit of 150

mg/Nm
3
, irrespective of generation capacity of the plant.
Thermal Power Plants : Stack Height/Limits
Generation Capacity Stack Height (Metres)
500 MW and above 275
200 MW/210 MW and above to less than 500 MW 220
Less than 200 MW/210 MW H= 14 Q0.3 where Q is emission rate of SO2
in kg/hr, and H is Stack height in metres.
December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 38
TEMPERATURE LIMIT FOR DISCHARGE OF
CONDENSER COOLING WATER FROM THERMAL POWER
PLANT

A. New thermal power plants commissioned after June 1, 1999.

New thermal power plants, which will be using water from
rivers/lakes/reservoirs, shall install
cooling towers irrespective of location and capacity. Thermal power
plants which will use
sea water for cooling purposes, the condition below will apply.

B. New projects in coastal areas using sea water.

The thermal power plants using sea water should adopt suitable system
to reduce water
temperature at the final discharge point so that the resultant rise in the
temperature of
receiving water does not exceed 7°C over and above the ambient
temperature of the
receiving water bodies.

Source : EPA Notification

[GSR 7, dated Dec. 22, 1998
December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 39
TEMPERATURE LIMIT FOR DISCHARGE OF
CONDENSER COOLING WATER FROM THERMAL POWER PLANT

C. Existing thermal power plants.

Rise in temperature of condensor cooling water from inlet to the outlet of
condenser shall
not be more than 10°C.

D. Guidelines for discharge point:

The discharge point shall preferably by located at the bottom of the water body
at mid stream for proper dispersion of thermal discharge. In case of discharge of
cooling water into sea, proper marine outfall shall be designed to achieve the
prescribed standards.
The point of discharge may be selected inconsultation with concerned State
Authorities/NIO.
No cooling water discharge shall be permitted in estuaries or near ecologically
sensitive areas such as mangroves, coral reefs/spaning and breeding grounds
of acquatic flora and fauna.
Source : EPA Notification
[GSR 7, dated Dec. 22, 1998

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 40

THANK YOU

December 8, 2021 PMI Revision 00 41