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    Antenna Theory & Design

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    Nabeel A K Jadoon
    The document discusses antenna theory and design. It describes how antennas work by converting electrical currents into electromagnetic radiation and vice versa. It then covers various antenna parameters such as radiation patterns, beam efficiency, directivity, gain, aperture, and others. It also provides details on specific antenna types like microstrip patch antennas, including their design, advantages, limitations, and applications.

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    Antenna Theory & Design

    Uploaded by

    Nabeel A K Jadoon
    220 views19 pages
    The document discusses antenna theory and design. It describes how antennas work by converting electrical currents into electromagnetic radiation and vice versa. It then covers various antenna parameters such as radiation patterns, beam efficiency, directivity, gain, aperture, and others. It also provides details on specific antenna types like microstrip patch antennas, including their design, advantages, limitations, and applications.

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    Antenna Theory & design

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    The document discusses antenna theory and design. It describes how antennas work by converting electrical currents into electromagnetic radiation and vice versa. It then covers various antenna parameters such as radiation patterns, beam efficiency, directivity, gain, aperture, and others. It also provides details on specific antenna types like microstrip patch antennas, including their design, advantages, limitations, and applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    220 views19 pages

    Antenna Theory & Design

    Uploaded by

    Nabeel A K Jadoon
    The document discusses antenna theory and design. It describes how antennas work by converting electrical currents into electromagnetic radiation and vice versa. It then covers various antenna parameters such as radiation patterns, beam efficiency, directivity, gain, aperture, and others. It also provides details on specific antenna types like microstrip patch antennas, including their design, advantages, limitations, and applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that antennas convert electrical currents into electromagnetic radiation and vice versa, and their main functions are to radiate or receive radio frequency waves in specified directions.

    The main components of an antenna are the radiating element which is usually a metallic structure, and a ground plane. Antennas transmit or receive electromagnetic waves based on converting electrical currents into radiation or vice versa.

    The main parameters used to characterize antennas are radiation pattern, beamwidth, directivity, gain, aperture, efficiency, bandwidth and polarization. These parameters describe the power transmission and reception capabilities of the antenna.

    Antenna Theory and Design

    Presented By : Alishan Qureshi


    Supervisor: Nabeel Ahmad Khan
    Antenna & its Working Principle

    • Antennas are the metallic structure designed for transmitting


    or receiveing electromagnetic waves
    • Working principle:
    The working principle of an antenna is that converts electrical
    currents (carried along by metallic conductors) into EM
    radiation in free space — or vice versa.
    Goal/Function of Antenna

    • To radiate or receive radio frequency waves.


    • To radiate energy in specified direction and negligible energy
    radiated in other directions.
    • For effecient transfer of energy,the impedance of antenna,the
    radio and the transmission line connecting the radio to
    antenna must be the same i.e An antenna acting as
    impedance matching device.
    Radiation pattern of Antenna
    HPBW ,FNBW, Front to Back Ratio

    HPBW=θ=70 λ/D
    FNBW =θ=140 λ/D
    Where λ = 0.3/f
    • Radiation Intensity(U):
    Amount of power radiated by antenna per unit solid angle.
    U=Wr2
    Where W is the power density = E2/2η
    So U = r2E2/2η

    • Beam Efficiency :
    Emajor lobe = Ωmojor lobe/ Ωtotal lobes
    Eminor lobe = Ωminor lobe/ Ωtotal lobes
    Where Ωtotal lobes = Ωmajor lobe+ Ωminor lobe

    • Antenna Radiation Efficiency:


    Prad/Pin = Rr/Rr+RL
    So by increasing Rr we can increase radiation η.
    • Directivity:
    Ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction from
    the antenna to the avg radiation intensity in overall direction.
    D= U(given dir)/U(avg all dir)
    Where U(avg)=Prad/4π
    So above eqn become D = 4πUm/Prad
    • Max directivity has to be calculated in case of direction is not
    given.
    • Max Directivity:
    Ratio of radiation intensity in max direction to the
    radiation intensity of isotropic source.
    • Gain (dB):
    Gain of antenna means how much more signal an antenna can
    receive.
    For example 3dB=2*Power
    10dB=10*Power
    20dB=100*Power
    Similarly -3dB=1/2*Power
    -10dB=1/10*power
    Gain of Antenna: G = 4πUm/Pin
    Or G = ηD = Prad/PinD

    Practically gain of antenna can be calculated from:


    G=UAUT/Uref

    Where URef=Pin/4π

    So above eqn will become G=4πUAUT/Pin


    • Antenna Aperture:
    Used to describe the power capturing characteristics of antenna.
    Types
    i. Physical Aperture(Ap):
    Area of opening is called phy aperture
    e.g Rectangular Horn Antenna
    Ap = a*b

    If incident wave has power density(W) than received power is:


    Preceived = WAp
    ii. Effevtive Aperture(Ae):
    When we receive the power,it is less than calculated
    valve due to:
    • Horn is not uniform over opening.
    • E.field at wall must be zero but parctically it is not.
    iii. Aperture Efficiency:
    Eap = Ae/Ap
    • Friss Transmission Formula
    PR = GTGRPT(λ/4πd)2
    • Transmission Path Loss:
    The reduction in power density of an E.M wave as it
    propagate through space.
    • The lower the freq transmission ,the better the signal will
    travel through the air and through objects.
    • Antenna Field Zones:
    All the field regions depend
    upon length of the antenna
    • Radiation Resistance:
    If we supply current to the antenna , the power dissipated by
    antenna is P=I2R
    This power dissipated in two ways:
    1. Radiated Power(Prad) = I2Rr
    2. Due to ohmic loss (Ploss) = I2RL
    So total power dissipated will be:
    P = Prad + Ploss
    P = I2(Rr+RL)
    If Rr increases than P will be increases.
    Radiation Resistance depend upon :
    i. Antenna configuration.
    ii. Ratio of length to diameter of conductors used in antenna.
    • Reflection Coefficient & VSWR of Antenna:

    Reflection coefficient:
    Comparison Table
    Microstrip Patch Antenna
    • A simple microstrip patch antenna consists of metallic patch
    and ground between which is a dielectric medium called the
    substrate.
    • Most useful antenna at microwave frequencies(f>1GHz)
    • Wp>>Lp for high B.W i.e (Wp = 1.5Lp)
    • For substrate hight (0.003λ ≤ hs ≤ 0.05λ)
    • Thick substrate used
    b/c of better η & larger B.W
    Advantages:
    • It can be easly fabricated on PCB.
    • It is most widely used antenna.
    • It installation is very easy due to low size,weight ,volume & cost.
    • Easy to feed
    Limitation:
    • Narrow bandwidth.
    • Gain around (5 to 7dB) by single pitch.
    • Radiation into half plane.
    Application:
    • Microsrtip antennas are used for number of wireless applications
    such as WLAN ,Wi-Fi , Bluetooth.
    • Satellite communication.
    • Aircraft .
    Design Parameters
    • Width (w): Width of patch is calculated using:

    • Effective Refractive index (εreff):


    • Length:
    Due to fringing, electrically the size of the antenna is
    increased by an amount of (ΔL). Therefore, the actual increase
    in length (ΔL) of the patch is to be calculated:

    • Length (Ls) and width (Ws) of ground plane:


    Ls=6h+L
    Ws=6h+W

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