Revival styles in architecture

• Throughout history, architecture has been a way to reflect the lifestyle and the political and
religious climate of a certain epoch.
• With each new political or religious movement, new architectural styles appeared to reflect
the mood of that particular historic era.
• These new trends were often based on architectural styles of previous epochs as a way to
protest the reality or to re-introduce the values of the past. Such architectural styles are
called "revival" styles.
• Revivalism in architecture refers to using the details and trends of the architectural styles of
previous eras.
• There are many revival styles, some of which have had more influence and historic value
than others.
PALLADIAN REVIVAL
Palladian building
Palladianism is a style based on the designs of the 16th-century Italian architect character
Andrea Palladio (1508-1580). • Proportion
Palladio was inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome. • Symmetry
British designers drew on Palladio's work to create a Classical Palladian architecture is a • Palladian window
European style of architecture derived from and inspired by the designs of (also known as the
the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). Serliana or Venetian
That which is recognized as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladio's original window)
concepts. Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the • Temple front
formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. • Use of Orders
From the 17th century Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the (optional)
style known as Palladianism.
It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century.

Palladianism be speaks rationality in its clarity, order, and symmetry, while it also pays homage to antiquity in its use of classical
forms and decorative motifs.
Palladio spent years researching the texts and designs of ancient architects, notably the Roman Vitruvius, and was part of a larger
movement in the Italian Renaissance committed to classical forms.
Palladio's style of classical traditions with the introduction of new Renaissance elements was called Palladian architecture, and it
has influenced Western nations from France to England to the United States.
Palladian architecture was especially popular in the former British colonies, influencing nearly every one of our own national
government buildings and national monuments in the US.
The Palladian style, distinguished by the typical Serlian windows, pillared façades resembling Roman temples, symmetrical floor
plans, and elevations, was imported to other European countries and became widely known; in Great Britain it was one the
important roots of 17th and 18th century architecture.
In the 19th century, American architecture heavily referred to the style.
A Palladian window is a large window which is divided into three parts. The center section is larger than the two side sections, and is
usually arched. Renaissance architecture and other buildings in classical styles often have Palladian windows.

Palladio used these themes is in the Villa Rotonda, a large home near Vicenza, Italy. The Villa Rotonda is built as a perfect square, with
four identical entryways. The entryways are modeled after a Roman temple, with Ionic columns. Directly over the center of the
building is a dome, modeled on the Roman temple called the Pantheon. The entire structure is mathematically perfect, with each part
reflecting geometric ratios between other parts, exactly as the Romans would have done. This villa breathes a sense of order, reason,
and balance.
In the United States, Palladianism remained the prevailing style for public buildings until the 1930s and has never quite gone out of
fashion for domestic architecture. Even today, some contemporary architects are influenced by Palladio’s ideas on planning and
proportion, without the use of elements of classical architecture.

In the 18th century a revival of Palladianism in England spread to Italy and thence throughout most of Europe and the American
colonies. Among the notable architects of this movement were Francesco Maria Preti in Italy

In the early 18th century, a new generation of architects, particularly Colen Campbell and Lord Burlington, encouraged a re-appraisal
of Palladio and Jones and set about reviving their architecture.
Active in England their ideas were manifested primarily in domestic architecture, especially the country house.
Anglo-Palladianism was then exported to the American colonies from the 1740s and back to Europe, particularly Germany and
Russia from the 1760s.
PALLADIAN REVIVAL EXAMPLE:

Mereworth Castle, Kent

Mereworth Castle, Kent

Plans of the cellar, attic and principal storeys for Mereworth by Colen Campell 1720. based on Palladio's
Mereworth Castle, Kent Villa Rotonda - Mereworth Castle is a square building
flanked by four porticos, surmounted by a dome.
Mereworth castle -section
CHISWICK HOUSE

ELEVATION OF Chiswick House, London, completed

1729.

PLAN OF Chiswick House, London

Chiswick Villa is inspired in part by several buildings of the 16th-century Italian
architects Andrea Palladio and his assistant Vincenzo Scamozzi.
The house is often said to be directly inspired by Palladio's Villa Capra "La Three concentric relieving arches at rear of
Rotonda" near Vicenza, as architect Colen Campbell had offered Lord Burlington a the villa containing Venetian windows.
design for a villa closely based on the Villa Capra for his use at Chiswick. This arrangement derives directly from
drawings by Andrea Palladio in Lord
The brick-built Villa's facade is faced in Portland stone, with a small amount Burlington's collection
of stucco.
The finely carved Corinthian capitals on the projecting six-column portico, carved
by John Boson, are derived from the Temple of Castor and Pollux in Rome.
The inset door, projecting plinth and 'v'-necked rusticated vermiculation were all
derived from the base of Trajan's Column.
The short sections of crenellated wall with ball finials which extend out either side
of the villa were symbolic of medieval (or Roman) fortified town walls, and were
inspired by their use by Palladio at his church of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice
and by Inigo Jones
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its
purest form it is a style principally derived from the architecture of Classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles and the architecture of the
Italian architect Andrea Palladio.
In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts. The
style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulae as
an outgrowth of some classicising features of Late Baroque. Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New
Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings
By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient
Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s.
International neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel's buildings, especially the Old Museum in Berlin, Sir John
Soane's Bank of England in London and the newly built White House and Capitol in Washington, DC of the nascent American Republic.
The style was international.

Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum.
The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style
included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions
or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds,
perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colors. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"),
not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI"
style to court..
However there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century, and furniture-
makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture, just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and
stone-carving than metalwork: "Designers and craftsmen ... seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from
one medium to another
Neoclassicism continued to be a major force in academic art through the 19th century and beyond—a constant antithesis to Romanticism or Gothic
revivals— although from the late 19th century on it had often been considered anti-modern, or even reactionary, in influential critical circles.[
Neoclassical architecture examples

The Lincoln Memorial, an early 20th The Red Army Theatre in Moscow, Russia
century example of American
Renaissance neoclassical architecture

Very similar to Greek Revival but may

have more elaborate column work-
Corinthian columns rather than Doric,
always extending the full height of the
house and with front gable pediment.

The central courtyard of Sir William Chambers'

Somerset House in London
GREEK REVIVAL The Greek Revival style has much in common with the
The Greek revival style, often seen as the final developmental stage of Neoclassical architecture, Roman Classical Revival style in its reliance on the temple
emerged in the late 18th century after British architect James Stuart visited Greece and then form, front pediment, and classical order columns. There
published the multi-volume Antiquities of Athens. is considerable variation in the public and private
buildings designed in this style. Some buildings appear to
While the style was introduced in many European countries and took a different course in each of
be Greek temple replicas and others simply use the temple
them, it held a special place in the architecture of the United States up to the mid-19th century. Greek shape and form with distinctive details. There are many
revival became a truly national architectural style that expressed the values of the whole nation, more surviving examples of the Greek Revival style in
associated with the classical traditions and democracy. Pennsylvania than theRoman Classical Revival style,
Thomas Jefferson, the president of the United States of the time, owned a copy of the Antiquities of because the later Greek Revival style was far more popular
Athens and played a fundamental role in introducing the Greek revival style into the United States. and wide spread
Being a spokesman for democracy and having a keen interest in architecture, he favored classical
architectural styles as an expression of democratic traditions.
The first important public building in the US that incorporated the elements of the Greek revival style,
was the US Capitol, partially designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe,a British-American architect, who
was appointed by Thomas Jefferson as surveyor of public buildings.
The Greek revival buildings spread all over the country and became a kind of a symbol of the United
States of that time.
The American Greek revival style, inspired by ancient Greek temples, incorporated some of the main
elements of the latter with adjustments to the modern life. The temple style was represented either by
a whole building being an actual temple or a pedimented porch in front of the building. The four, six or
eight columns in an ancient Greek order (Doric, Ionic or Corinthian) supported an entablature and a
pediment.
Square window and door heads were also characteristic for the Greek revival style. Greek
revival buildings were painted white to resemble the white marble of the ancient Greek temples.
Bold and simple moldings, plain friezes and heavy entablature are all characteristic elements of
the style.
For many years the Greek revival style became the style of choice not only for public buildings, but
also for residencies of wealthy Americans. one of such luxurious homes of classic Greek
revival design which is situated in the Hudson
Today Greek revival style homes can be seen throughout North America in wealthy communities. It is Valley near New York city and has a value of
a representation of luxury and timeless beauty. almost 4 million dollars.
One of the most characteristic moldings found throughout Greek Revival houses is
a flat splay or bull-nose molding that is rounded under at the outer edge. This
molding was commonly used in the exterior cornice, interior doorway and window
trim, as well as to encase door panels. Corner blocks on interior door and window
frames are widespread throughout the town and were often decorated with bull’s
eyes, or in more elaborate buildings, acanthus leaves.
One of the most dramatic changes to occur during this period was the orientation of
the house. On many Greek Revival houses the gable end becomes the main
elevation and faces the street. This temple form was often emphasized by the use
of a protruding entablature or cornice that formed a pediment in the upper “attic”
story. In many cases, elaborate window shapes such as bull’s eye, lunette, or
elliptical-shaped lights were employed to give individuality to the house. In smaller
buildings, the entablature was removed and returns added. Second-floor windows
replaced the elaborate gable-end window at the peak. Pilasters were often found at
the corners of these houses for decoration and to emphasize the verticality of the
“Greek” temple.
EXAMPLES OF GREEK REVIVAL

The Yorkshire Museum designed by

architect William Wilkins and officially
opened in February 1830 Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany

MAIN CHARECTESTIC FEATURES OF

GREEK REVIVAL
• Pedimented gable
• Symmetrical shape
• Heavy cornice
• Wide, plain frieze
• Bold, simple moldings
• Entry porch with columns
Klenze's Propyläen (Gateway) in
Munich, 1854–62. • Narrow windows around front
door
British Museum
St Pancras Church is a Greek Revival church in St Pancras, London, built in 1819–22
to the designs of William and Henry William Inwood. It was historically often referred to
as St Pancras New Church, in order to distinguish it from St Pancras Old Church, which
stands some way to the north.
The church is in a Greek revival style, using the Ionic order. It is built from brick, faced
with Portland stone, except for the portico and the tower above the roof, which are
entirely of stone. All the external decoration, including the capitals of the columns is of
terracotta
Gothic Revival(neo gothic):1830 - 1860
The Gothic Revival style is part of the mid-19th century picturesque and romantic movement in architecture, reflecting the public’s taste for
buildings inspired by medieval design.
This was a real departure from the previously popular styles that drew inspiration from the classical forms of ancient Greece and Rome.
While distinctly different, both the Gothic Revival style and the Greek Revival style looked to the past, and both remained popular throughout
the mid 19th century.
The Gothic Revival style in America was advanced by architects Alexander Jackson Davis and especially Andrew Jackson Downing,
This style was promoted as an appropriate design for rural settings, with its complex and irregular shapes and forms fitting well into the
natural landscape.
Thus, the Gothic Revival style was often chosen for country homes and houses in rural or small town settings.
Early Victorian houses drew inspiration mostly from Western Europe, usually reinterpreting medieval forms.
Multi-colored and textured walls, steeply pitched roofs and asymmetrical facades are traditional features.
Gothic Revival homes are most easily identified by the elaborate “gingerbread” trim below the gables, and the strong vertical emphasis of the
windows and rooflines
The most commonly identifiable feature of the Gothic Revival style is the pointed arch, used for windows, doors, and decorative elements like
porches, dormers, or roof gables.
Other characteristic details include steeply pitched roofs and front facing gables with delicate wooden trim called vergeboards or bargeboards.
This distinctive incised wooden trim is often referred to as “gingerbread” and is the feature most associated with this style.
Gothic Revival style buildings often have porches with decorative turned posts or slender columns, with flattened arches or side brackets
connecting the posts.
Gothic Revival style churches may have not just pointed arch windows and porticos, but often feature a Norman castle-like tower with a
crenellated parapet or a high spire
• The style was especially popular
Identifiable Features for churches and public buildings
• The two favoured building materials
1. Pointed arches as were stone and brick
decorative element and • Many Neogothic buildings feature castellation:
as window shape crenellated walls and towers in imitation of
2. Front facing gables medieval castles
with decorative incised • Indeed, heavily castellated Neogothic buildings
trim (vergeboards or are often referred to as "castles", even though
bargeboards) they never served a defensive purpose.
3. Porches with turned Stained glass Window in churches
posts or columns St Patrick's Cathedral
4. Steeply pitched roof
5. Gables often topped
with finials or
crossbracing Hundreds of new churches were built, many in urban
6. Decorative crowns situations using brick and stone.
(gable or drip mold) After the excesses of High Victorian Gothic a more basic
over windows and doors form of Gothic design was often used for economic reasons
7. Castle-like towers but not forgetting Pugin’s principles of the ‘True Style’ for
with parapets on some ecclesiastical use.
high style buildings Major expansion in Stained Glass window production with
8. Carpenter Gothic many new and restored churches requiring Stained Glass.
buildings have Architects working closely with glass designers and
distinctive board and The foremost Gothic Revival monument of Britain manufacturers.
batten vertical siding is Westminster Palace (aka the Houses of Pugin designed stained glass both for his own buildings and
Parliament), by Charles Barry for other architects.
The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of
the House of Commons and the House of Lords,
the two houses of the Parliament of the United
Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of
Parliament after its occupants, it is also known as
the 'heart of British politics'. The Palace lies on the
northern bank of the River Thamesin the City of
Westminster, in central London.

Layout of the principal floor (north is to the right)The debating chambers of

the two Houses and their ante-rooms lie on opposite sides of the Central
Lobbyand are part of the central spine of the Palace, which includes the
suite of ceremonial rooms to the south.
The Victoria Tower occupies the south-west corner and the Speaker's
House takes up the north-east corner; the Elizabeth Tower is at the far north
and Westminster Hall protrudes to the west.
Westminster Hall with gothic arches