PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY

AND INTEGRITY
INTRODUCTION

• Biologically speaking, life is a result of the harmonious

functioning series of organs. However, it can happen
that at a certain moment, a diseased organ may
threaten the entire human body.
• The problem then arises as to whether or not an organ
should be extirpated or eliminated. From the moral
point of view, this is termed as “mutilation”.
BODILY INTEGRITY

• According to its etymology, it has a double meaning:

1. Integrum -- wholeness, unity, intactness

2. In-tangere – not touching, not hurting

• Bodily Integrity pertains to the respect for a certain wholeness

In 2018, there was a total of 17,553 donors; 10,722 were deceased donors and
6,831 were living donors.
• 35% of deceased donors in 2018 were over the age of 50.
• 61% of deceased donors in 2018 were male, 39% female.
OPTIONS FOR INCREASING

T H E S U P P LY O F

S A LV A G E A B L E O R G A N S
OPTION DESCRIPTION

Mandated choice The mandated choice option would require all

competent adults to decide and record whether they
wish to become organ donors at their death. This might
be accomplished during drivers license applications or
on tax returns.
Presumed consent Presumed consent would allow the routine salvage of
organs unless the donor opts out. This shifts the
responsibility of organ donation from the donor
families to donors, who would be given ample
opportunity during their lifetime to object or consent. In
the face of no information regarding a decision, the
presumption would be for consent.
Financial incentives Although controversial and currently illegal, a
commercial market in organs has been suggested. One
suggestion for a nonfinancial incentives is the offering
of preferred status, in which those who sign donor
cards are placed ahead of others who have not signed
cards, should the need arise.
OPTION DESCRIPTION

Xenografting Although there are still technical and ethical issues to

work through, the ability to use animal organs as
permanent replacements for failing human organs
offers a solution to the acute shortage of available
organs.

Altering the current The use of brain death as a replacement of a

meaning of death cardiopulmonary standard is a relatively recent
concept, which has allowed the advancement of
clinical transplantation. Some have argued for a
modification of the brain deaths standard (total
cessation of cortical and brain stem function) to a
definition based on the loss of cortical function only.
This would allow the harvesting of organs from
individuals in a persistent vegetative state and from
anencephalic infants
Use of condemned Organ donation from executed prisoners has generally
prisoners been deemed to be unethical unless the individual
made the decision to donate prior to conviction.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7170 JANUARY 7, 1992

“Organ Donation Act of 1991”

AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE LEGACY OR

DONATIONG OF ALL OR PART OF A
HUMAN BODY AFTER DEATH FOR
SPECIFIED PURSOES
• A licensed, accredited/approved under the
law, for storage of human bodies and includes
a hospital operated by the government.

• A deceased individual who was authorized to

donate his /her body parts
• an individual who has made a will of all /part
of his body
☞ A legal age person (18 ↑) to take effect
his/her will after death (sec.3)
What organs and tissues can be PHYSICIAN OR SURGEON
donated?
• Eight vital organs can be donated: licensed or authorized to practice
heart, kidneys (2), pancreas, lungs (2), medicine under the laws of the Republic
liver, and intestines. Hands and faces
have also recently been added to the of the Philippines.
list.
• Tissue: cornea, skin, heart valves, bone,
blood vessels, and connective tissue
• Bone marrow and stem cells, umbilical
cord blood, peripheral blood stem cells
(PBSC)
Sec.4 - Person Who May Execute a Donation.
Immediate family
• Spouse;
• Son or daughter of legal age;
• Either parent;
• Brother or sister of legal age; or
• Guardian over the person of the decedent at the time of his death.

Sec. 5 - Examination of Human Body or Part Thereof

For purposes of this Act, an autopsy shall be conducted on the cadaver
of accident, trauma, or other medico-legal cases immediately after the
pronouncement of death, to determine qualified and healthy human organs
for transplantation and/or in furtherance of medical science.
Sec. 6 - Persons Who May Become Legatees or Donees
• Any hospital, physician or surgeon - For medical or dental education,
research, advancement of medical or dental science, therapy or
transplantation;
• Any accredited medical or dental school, college or university - For
education, research, advancement of medical or dental science, or therapy;
• Any organ bank storage facility - For medical or dental education, research,
therapy, or transplantation; and
• Any specified individual - For therapy or transplantation needed by him.

• is authorized to receive organ donations or to conduct transplantation

• shall train qualified personnel and their
• staff to handle the task and delicate manner to the relatives of the donor-
decedent
• shall accomplish the necessary form or document as proof of compliance
with the above requirement
• Any donation by immediate family hereof shall be sufficient if it complies with the
formalities of a donation of a movable property.
• In the absence of any immediate family and in the absence of any document of
organ donation:
- the physician in charge of the patient,
- the head of the hospital or
- a designated officer of the hospital who has custody of the body of the deceased,
may authorize in a public document the removal from such body for the purpose
of transplantation of the organ to the body of a living person.

In all donations, the death of a person from whose body an organ will be removed
after his death for the purpose of transplantation to a living person, shall be
diagnosed separately and certified by two (2) qualified physicians neither of whom
should be:

(a) A member of the team of medical practitioners who will effect the removal of the
organ from the body; nor
(b) The physician attending to the receipt of the organ to be removed; nor
(c) The head of hospital or the designated officer authorizing the removal of the
organ.
Section 10. Person(s) Authorized to Remove Transplantable Organs.
– Only authorized medical practitioners in a hospital shall remove and/or transplant
any organ which is authorized to be removed and/or transplanted pursuant to Section 5
hereof.

Section 11. Delivery of Document of Legacy or Donation.

– If the legacy or donation is made to a specified legatee or donee, the will, card or
other document, or an executed copy thereof, may be delivered by the testator or donor,
or is authorized representative, to the legatee or donee to expedite the appropriate
procedures immediately after death. The will, card or other document, or an executed
copy thereof, may be deposited in any hospital or organ bank storage facility that
accepts it for safekeeping or for facilitation or procedures after death. On the request of
any interested party upon or after the testator's death, the person in possession shall
produce the document of legacy or donation for verification.
Section 12. Amendment or Revocation of Legacy or Donation.
Any legacy made by a will may also be amended or revoked in the manner provide
for amendment or revocation of wills
Section 13. Rights and Duties After Death.
• The legatee or donee may accept or reject the legacy or donation as the case may
be
• Any person who acts in good faith in accordance with the terms of this Act shall
not be liable for damages in any civil action or subject to prosecution in any criminal
proceeding of this Act.